What I Need To Know

(Objectives)
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the parts of ocean basin;
2. describe the evolution of ocean basin;
3. describe how rocks are deformed by stress and
undergo solid deformation (stained);
 What I Need To Know
(Objectives)
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
4. cite evidences that support continental drift;
5. explain how tension, compression and shear
stresses produce geological structures;
6. explain how the continents drift; and
 What I Need To Know
(Objectives)
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
7. explain how seafloor spreads.
What I Know (Pre-T
What’s In
(Review of the previo
lesson)
What’s New
(Introduction of the new
lesson)
Have you seen the different continents of the world?
Can you name some of them? Which continents
have the most obvious fit of the coastlines?
https://www.bookwidgets.com/play/ABX
W6A3?teacher_id=4979222417244160
NORTH AMERICA ASIA
EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA AUSTRALIA

ANTARCTICA
What Is It (Lesson
Proper)
 Deformation of the
Earth’s Crust
Folding and Faulting
Deformation refers to the changes
in volume and or shape of rocks as
they are squeezed by compressional
forces or stretched by the tensional
forces.
Stress is the force per unit area applied
on the rock while strain change in shape
or volume of the rock that experienced
stress.
Thus: Stress = cause
Strain = effect
 TYPES
OF
STRESS
TENSIO
COMPR
ESSIONA
NAL
L
SHEAR
Tensional involves forces
pulling in opposite directions,
which results in strain that
stretches into thin rocks.
Compressional involves forces
pushing together or the stress that
results from the shortening in one
dimension of an elastic body due to
oppositely directed collinear forces
tends to crush it.
 Shear involves transverse forces
that result in deformation of material
by slippage along a plane of planes
parallel to the imposed stress or
regions of material moving past each
other.
 Resulting
strain in
Elastic rocks ductile
deformatio deformati
n Brittle on
deformati
1. Elastic deformation is strain
that is reversible after a stress is
released.
Yield point is the point at
which elastic deformation
is surpassed and strain
becomes permanent.
2. Ductile deformation occurs when
enough stress is applied to the
material that causes changes in
shape and no longer be able to return
to its original shape.
3. Brittle deformation materials
respond to stress by breaking and
fracturing.
Fracture (break) that happens in
the uppermost part of the crust
which tends to break when
subjected to compressional or
tensional forces.
 types of
fractures
FAULT JOINT
S S
Faults that breaks along when there is
considerable movement while joints are
those breaks where there is little or no
movement.
Rocks bend and go out of shape.
Hanging wall is a block of rocks resting
on the fault plane. Footwall is a block
below the fault plane.
 types of
faults
Dip-Slip Strike-Slip
Faulting Faulting
 DIP-SLIP
FAULTING
A.Normal fault formed when the crust is
stretched or pulled apart by forces in
opposing directions and when the hanging
wall moves down with respect to the
footwall.
 DIP-SLIP
FAULTING
B. Reverse fault when the crust is
squeezed or compressed, the hanging
moves up relative to the footwall.
 STRIKE-SLIP
FAULTING
A. Right-Lateral Strike-Slip Fault.
Sideways movement of fault to the right.
B. Left-Lateral Strike-Slip Fault. If the
other block moved to your left then the
fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Fold (bend) happens deep within
the crust and the rocks do not
break the way they do at the
earth’s surface.
 Basic
type of
MONOCL folds ANTICLI
INE NE
SYNCLI
NE
1. Monocline is a bend in rock
strata that are otherwise uniformly
dipping or horizontal.
2. Anticline is when rock layers are
bent upward, they form a folded
structure.
This anticline is in Alberta, Canadia in the Rocky Mountains
3. Syncline is when rock
layers are bent downward.
ANTICLINE

SYNCLINE

MONOCLINE
Continental Drift
Theory
In 1912, geophysicist and a
German meteorologist Alfred
Wegener (1880-1930)
developed the Continental
Drift Theory that explains
how continents shift position
on Earth's surface.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Continental drift is the gradual movement
of the continents over time. The upper layer
of the crust are broken down plates, which sit
on a molten rock. The movement of this
lower molten layer, called plate tectonics,
causes the plates to shift.
Wegener theorized that all the continents
were once interconnected from a supergiant
land mass, which he called Pangaea.
At some point between 275 and 175 million
years ago, Pangaea began to separate.
Initially, two giant continents were formed:
“Laurasia” which comprised the northern
continents of today’s times and
“Gondwanaland” or “Gondwana” which
comprised the continents in the present
southern hemisphere.
Eduard Suess (1831-1914)
who is better known to have
proposed the existence of
Tethys Sea, the only
recognized body of water
during those ancient time, as
he recognized the existence
of Gondwanaland.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
1. The apparent fit of the continents. The
coastlines of the continents appear to fit
together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
For example, the coast of Africa fits well
with the eastern coast of South America
and southeast coast of North America.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
2. Fossil Correlation. Identical fossils
have been found in the rocks found on
coastlines of the ocean.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
2. Glossopteris flora. A seed fern that grew only in
subpolar regions, fossil of which were widely
distributed over Australia, Africa, India, and South
America (later on discovered in Antarctica). Seeds
were too large to be blown away by wind to
different continents.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
2. Mesosaurus. A freshwater reptile whose fossils
were found only in black shales about 260 million
years ago of age (Permian) in South Africa and
Brazil. This land-based reptile could not have
crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
2. Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus.
These land reptiles whose fossils were
found across South America, Africa,
India, and Antarctica.
 LYSTROSAURUS

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

CYNOGNATHUS
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
3. Rock and Mountain Correlation.
Wegener was able to recognize the district
assembly of rocks occurring on either side of the
Atlantic Ocean. Based on the type, age, and
sequence of layering, these appear to be
immediately adjacent to each other if the Atlantic
Ocean is closed and Pangaea is reconstructed.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
For example, the mountain belts in the
eastern side of Africa and those in the
western side of North America match
as if they were formed together and
were split apart in time.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
4. Paleoclimate Data/Past Climate Data.
As observed today, the equatorial region
has a tropical climate characterized by
conditions that favor lush vegetation such
as abundant rainfall and warm
temperature.
 Evidences of
Continental Drift
Theory
4. Paleoclimate Data/Past Climate Data.
There are rocks that are formed under
particular climatic regime, including coal or
accumulated plant remnants. This apparent
shifting of climate belts indicates that the
continents have been moving around over time.
 Seafloor
Spreading
Seafloor spreading is a continuous
process where tensional forces on both
sides of the plates caused them to
constantly move apart.
Rocks from the separated plates would have
similar rock types and compositions usually
of sedimentary type while the area at the
center have mostly igneous type. Usually,
seafloor spreading happens along mid-ocean
ridges.
A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is
an underwater mountain range, formed by
plate tectonics.
The concept of seafloor
spreading was developed by
geologists Harold Hess
(1895-1982) and Robert
Dietz (1914-1995). They
coined the term “seafloor
spreading” and showed how
it aligned with the
unaccepted ideas of
continental drift.
Ocean basin
Ocean basins form initially by stretching
and splitting of oceanic crust and by the rise
of mantle material and magma into the crack
to form new oceanic lithosphere.
Plate tectonic theory is used to explain the
dynamics of earth surface resulting to the
interaction of plates. According to this
theory, the earth has a thin outer layer called
crust. This crust is somewhat fragile that it
may crack and break into plates. The crust
breaks due to the heat and pressure from the
mantle.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
• Movements
2 billion years ago. Ocean Basin have
grown and been consumed as plate tectonics
continued on Earth.
• 200 million years ago. Breakup of the
supercontinent Pangaea into Laurasia and
Gondwanaland.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
• Movements
180 million years ago. North America and
Eurasia began drifting away from Africa and
South America.
• 165-145 million years ago. Rifting away of
Africa and South America from
Gondwanaland.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
• Movements
130 million years ago. India and
Madagascar drifted away from Australia and
Antarctica.
• 90-80 million years ago. Madagascar and
India got separated.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
Movements
• 80-60 million years ago. New Zealand
drifted away from Australia and Antarctica.
• 60 million years ago. A new rift and oceanic
ridge formed between Greenland and
Europe, separating them and led to the
formation of new oceanic crust.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
Movements
• 60-50 million years ago. Australia began
drifting northward, away from East
Antarctica.
• 53-40 million years ago. Indian continent
first touched the Asian continent forming
Himalaya’s mountain ranges.
 Evolution of Ocean
Basin through Plate
Movements
• 60-35 million years ago. Seafloor in the
western portion of the Philippine Sea
developed.
 Five major ocean
basins
1. Pacific Ocean Basin
2. Atlantic Ocean Basin
3. Indian Ocean Basin
4. Southern Ocean Basin
5. Arctic Ocean Basin
 3 regions
of ocean
CONTINE
NTAL
basin DEEP
MID- SEA
MARGIN
OCEANIFLOOR
S
C RIDGE
 CONTINENTAL
MARGINS
• Continental Rise. A slightly elevated region formed
as a result of accumulations of sediment at the base
of continental slope.
• Continental Shelf. A shallow, gently sloping,
submerged edge of the continent.
• Continental Slope. An area where the seafloor
drops steeply at the outer edge of the continental
shelf.
 CONTINENTAL SHELF

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

CONTINENTAL RISE
 Deep sea floor
MARGINS
• Abyssal Hill. A small elevated landform that rises
from the great depths of the ocean. It is found on the
deep ocean floor.
• Abyssal Plain. This is a broad flat area of ocean
found between the continental margins and the mid-
ocean ridges.
• Seamount. A large submerge volcanic mountain
rising from the sea floor.
SEAMOUNT

ABYSSAL PLAIN
 Deep sea floor
MARGINS
• Deep-sea Trenches. This is the deepest part of the
sea floor and found at the margins of the crustal
plates.
• Guyots. These are flat-topped seamounts.
• Volcanic Island. Large volcanoes erupted on the
sea floor whose tops have emerged above sea
level.
GUYOTS VOLCANIC ISLAND

DEEP-SEA TRENCHES
 Deep sea floor
MARGINS
• Submarine Ridge. An elongated steep side
elevation of ocean and sea floors.
SUBMARINE RIDGE
 Mid-oceanic Ridge
Systems
• Oceanic Ridges. These are continuous mountain
chains located under the surface of the sea.
• Rift Valley. The depression or great gap at the
center of the ridge.
 RIFT VALLEY
OCEANIC RIDGES