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 Scope
u Covers
u Unit auxiliary transformers ( UT-npc term.)
u Station service transformers( SUT-npc term.)
u Substation transformers ( Auxiliary trf- npc term.)
u This standard covers, in general, the conditions in
which there are no generator breakers or load-break
switches.
u GT not included in the scope of this standard.

IEEE Std 666 2

 Specification of a transformer
u Communicating document that describes the equipment requirements in
detail to the manufacturer.
u Major points in a specification:
1) Rating in kVA - temperature rise and methods of cooling
2) Service conditions
3) Voltage ratings and taps
4) Insulation level (BIL)
5) Connection and phase shift
6) Impedance and frequency
7) Terminal facilities
8) Surge protection
9) Short-circuit capability
10) Sound level
11) Evaluation of losses
12) Accessories and protective devices
13) Tests, test reports, data
14) Tank and foundation requirements
15) Shipping requirements
IEEE Std 666 3
 1. Rating in kVA
= =
 
u The rating in kVA is specified so that the guaranteed average winding
temperature rise will not be exceeded for a specified ambient
temperature and continuous rated load.
u Temp. of insulation below guaranteed value- longer life
u Standard wndg. Temp. rise for OA ʹ 65 deg. C when the ambient
temperature averages 30 °C over 24 h but does not exceed 40 °C.
u Additional capacity over OA rating ʹ by adding fans (FA) or pumps &
fans (FOA).
u Some transformers are given a rating based only on forced-oil and air
(FOA) cooling and temperature rise. These transformers do not have
an OA rating, and it is necessary to have the fans and pumps
operating when the transformer is energized. The requirement for
fans and pumps in a transformer with an FOA rating reduces the
reliability by a small degree

IEEE Std 666 4

Contd͙
u Water-cooled transformers (FOW)-The transfer of heat is from
the transformer oil to a water system that removes it from the
transformer. Standard temperature rise is based on average
water temperatures of 25 °C over a 24 h period that do not
exceed 30 °C.

u Dry type trf.- used for indoor purpose as no oil for burning.
The standard temperature rises are 80 °C, 115 °C, and 150 °C
above an ambient that averages 30 °C over a 24 h period, but
does not exceed 40 °C (most applications use 150 °C
temperature rise). Forced-air cooling may also be used to
obtain a higher rating.

IEEE Std 666 5

Contd͙
u Gas filled and less flammable liquid filled (silicone and
hydrocarbon liquids) trf. ʹ for indoor use without vaults-no
fire hazard.

u The standard temperature rise of gas-filled transformers is

150 °C above an average ambient of 30 °C over a 24 h period,
but does not exceed 40 °C. The temperature rise for less-
flammable liquid filled transformers is 65 °C for the same
ambient condition

u Transformers have thermal overload capabilities. Loading to

these capabilities may cause a reduction in life

IEEE Std 666 6

=


u Two nos. UAT per unit are used most frequently to reduce
load currents and fault currents and to improve reliability.

u The kVA rating of these transformers is selected on the basis

of normal and maximum expected load.

u These transformers supply the unit auxiliaries and are loaded

a large portion of the time. Losses will consist mostly of load
losses and have a tendency to make an OA rating equal to
normal load the most economical. Additional load (one
transformer out-of-service or startup of another unit) may be
carried with one or two stages of forced air (FA) or forced-oil
and air (FOA) cooling.

IEEE Std 666 7

Contd͙
u The normal loading of the motors and substation transformers
to be fed should be obtained from the expected loading of
driven equipment during normal operation. This may be
considerably lower than the total of the nameplate ratings of
the motors and transformers.

u A tabulation of the highest possible operating load that the

transformer can experience should be considered to ensure
that the transformer can also supply this load.

u Load growth in the future shall also be considered.

IEEE Std 666 8

1.3 SST
u The kVA rating is selected on the basis of the normal load and
maximum expected load. An economic evaluation that
considers the initial cost of the transformer installed plus the
evaluated cost of losses is used to determine the type of
cooling, such as OA, OA/FA, OA/FA/FOA, etc.

u It may be used for one unit or two or more units, or there may
be more than one transformer per unit.

u In general, this transformer does not supply much load except

during startup or when it is used as an alternate for a unit
auxiliaries transformer. No-load losses will usually be a
dominant factor in the economic evaluation. Because of this,
maximum use of forced-cooling and short-time load
capabilities may be most economical.
IEEE Std 666 9
Contd͙
u If unit auxiliaries are supplied by single-phase transformers
with a spare, the requirement that the station service
transformer be adequate for use as an alternate source upon
failure of a unit auxiliaries transformer may be waived
because of the short period required to replace the failed
transformer with the spare. In some cases, alternate busing
arrangements are used to reduce the time of reconnection.

IEEE Std 666 10

1.4 Substation Transformer
u Several transformers of smaller ratings. There is a tendency to
select as many as possible of the same size to limit the
number of sizes used.

u If the transformer is the sole supply to the load, its OA rating

at 65 °C (or 150 °C for dry type) rise should supply normal
continuous load with unusual load or ambient conditions
being supplied with one or two stages of forced cooling.

u If a transformer is also used as an alternate for another

transformer (when the other transformer is out of service),
then the forced-cooled rating is specified to supply both its
normal load and the alternate load under normal continuous
loading conditions.

IEEE Std 666 11

 2. Service conditions
2.1 General
u Usual & unusual conditions (detailed in IEEE C57.12.00-1987)
should be reviewed, and applicable unusual conditions such
as high (or low) ambient temperatures, wind, snow, ice
loading, high altitudes, contamination and restricted air flow,
increased harmonic factor due to the nature of the load to be
supplied, as well as usual conditions should be included in the
specification.

2.2 UAT
u Located outside Generating station Bldg. as these are oil filled.
Attention should be given to the flow of hot air so that the
cooling system of one transformer does not affect another
located nearby.

IEEE Std 666 12

2.3 SST
u The high-voltage connections and oil-immersed construction
requires the transformer to be located outside of the building.
Requirements same as UAT.

2.4 Substation Transformer

u These transformers are usually located within the building
(oil-filled (in vaults), non-flammable liquid-filled, inert gas
insulated, or dry-type).
u Alternative cooling methods should be considered in relation
to fire hazards, environmental effect, and cost.
u They may also be exposed to dust laden atmospheres for
short periods. Encapsulated coil and vaporization-cooled
transformers are gaining a broader acceptance.

IEEE Std 666 13

 3. Voltage ratings & Taps
3.1 General
u Voltage range & tap requirements of windings shall be
specified. Usual arrangement is 2 full capacity taps of 2.5%
above & below rated voltage .

u Generally deenergized tap changer (DTC) on HV wndg

preferred.

u OLTC required at some applications due to voltage regulation

problem. These transformers are generally less reliable and
more expensive due to the complexity of design and moving
parts

IEEE Std 666 14

3.2 UAT
u Mostly connected to Generator bus which will normally have
a voltage range of ±5% for the standard generator voltage
rating. So HV rating equal to the generator voltage rating with
two 2.5% taps above and two 2.5% taps below rated voltage.
u Another practice is to select the high-voltage rating to be 0%
to 5% below generator rated voltage with two 2.5% taps
above and below transformer rated voltage. In this case, the
possibility of over-excitation should be thoroughly reviewed.
u LV rating equal to MV class which is approximately 4% or 5%
above the rated voltage of the medium-voltage motors.
u Elimination of the taps is desirable. In places where taps are
required, the usual arrangement is to provide four taps in
addition to the rated-voltage tap.

IEEE Std 666 15

Contd͙
u If transformer is connected to a HV substation instead of the
generator bus, the HV rating is selected to be equal to the
nominal voltage rating of the HV bus on the basis that its
voltage will vary ±5% during normal operation.

u If the variation is more than ±5%, consideration should be

given to a different voltage selection or different taps. In
general, two 2.5% taps above and two 2.5% taps below the
nominal voltage rating are selected to allow for future
changes in the substation voltage range.

3.3 SST

u Same as UAT connected to HV substation.

IEEE Std 666 16
3.4 Substation Transformer

u The HV rating is usually specified to be equal to the nominal

voltage of the medium voltage bus. The LV rating is specified
to be equal to a nominal low voltage approximately 4% or 5%
above the voltage rating of the low-voltage motors.

u Taps (normally two 2.5% above and two 2.5% below rated
voltage) are usually specified in the HV winding to allow
adjustment of the voltage range after experience is obtained
with operation of the system. Taps may be specified below
the normal tap, above the normal tap, or divided between the
two.

IEEE Std 666 17

 4. Insulation Level
4.1 General
u The insulation level is designated by the basic lightning impulse
level (BIL), which indicates the ability of a transformer to withstand
a voltage surge of a standard 1.2 x 50 ʅs wave such as might be
experienced due to lightning.

u Standard values of BIL have been established, as well as other test

voltages that the transformer should withstand for a given voltage
rating

u Bushings are provided with the transformer, but they have different
insulation ratings.

u The BIL of dry-type and inert-gas-filled transformers will be different

from those of liquid-immersed transformers. There is also a
difference in the BIL level for power and distribution transformers.
IEEE Std 666 18
4.2 UAT
u The HV BIL rating is usually specified equal to or greater than
that of the nearest voltage class above the generator rated
voltage.

u It should be recognized that the BIL of the IPBD is usually

lower than that of the transformer as reduced BIL of bus is
consistent with the surge voltage strength of the generator,
which is also lower than that of the transformer.

u The LV winding BIL is usually specified to be equal to or

greater than that of the nominal voltage class of the medium-
voltage bus.

IEEE Std 666 19

4.3 SST
u The BIL for the HV winding is selected to be consistent with
the insulation coordination for the HV system. The LV winding
BIL is selected to be equal to or greater than that of the
voltage class of the medium voltage bus.

4.4 Substation Transformer

u The BIL of the high and low-voltage windings should be equal
to or greater than that of the voltage class of the system, to
which they are connected.

IEEE Std 666 20