MECHANICS

1. Five (5) puzzles will be played using the Hangaroo App.

2. The puzzles will all be determined by the application. In no
way is the game rigged or tampered with by the teacher.
3. This is a collective effort. The class will therefore play as
one group with each student taking turns to guess one letter
until the puzzle in each round is completed.
4. The students will follow a definite order in guessing a letter.
The order will be determined by the grid view in Google
Meet.
5. Each correctly-answered puzzle is worth two (2) points.
 MECHANICS
6. Each round only allows a maximum of four errors.
7. Every time the kangaroo is hanged on the noose, the points
revert to zero (0).
8. If you already know the answer to the puzzle but it isn’t
your turn yet, you will have to wait until it is your turn to
speak, lest the point is invalidated.
9. If it is your turn, however, and you already know the
answer, you are given the chance to supply the answer. If
your answer is incorrect however, the points revert to zero.
10. The scores accumulated at the end of the game shall be
added to everybody’s score for the lesson’s written work.
The Language of Research,
Campaigns, and Advocacies
 The Language of Research,
Campaigns, and Advocacies

EN10G-IVe-2.3
Observe the language of
research, campaigns, and
advocacies
Research
Research is a systematic and scientific
way of investigating and gathering
information to answer a particular
problem, establish facts, and reach
conclusions. Conducting research can be
done in various fields such as arts and
humanities, social sciences, technology,
and health sciences. (Barrot & Sipacio,
2016)

Barrot, J. S., & Sipacio, P. F. (2016). Communicate Today: English

for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Research
Research
Research
Academic writing or the language used in
research is LINEAR, which means it has
one central point or theme with every part
contributing to the main line of argument,
without digressions or repetitions.
Its objective is to inform rather than
entertain. As well as this is in THE
STANDARD WRITTEN FORM OF THE
LANGUAGE.

Using English for Academic Purposes For Students in Higher

Education. (2021, January 1). Retrieved from Using English for
Academic Purposes For Students in Higher Education:
http://www.uefap.com/index.htm
Research
These are several main features of
academic writing that are often discussed:
complex formal
objective precise
accurate organized
planned

Using English for Academic Purposes For Students in Higher Education .

(2021, January 1). Retrieved from Using English for Academic Purposes
For Students in Higher Education: http://www.uefap.com/index.htm
COMPLEXITY
Written language is relatively more
complex than spoken language. Written
language has longer words, it is lexically
more dense and it has a more varied
vocabulary.

SPOKEN TEXT:
Because the jobs are even more complex, programs to
train people will take longer.

RESEARCH TEXT:
The increased complexity of tasks will lead to the
extension of the duration of training programs.
FORMALITY
Academic writing is relatively formal. In
general, this means that in an essay you
should avoid colloquial words and
expressions.
In general, this means in an essay, you
should avoid:
 Colloquial Words And Expressions: ""stuff", "a
lot of", "thing", "sort of",
 Abbreviated Forms: "can't", "doesn't", "shouldn't"
 Two Word Verbs: "put off", "bring up"
 Sub-headings, Numbering And Bullet-points
In Formal Essays - But Use Them In Reports
 Asking Questions
FORMALITY
The following sentences do not observe the concept of formality. Identify the
words and phrases that do not conform to the standard by employing the
aforementioned guidelines in the previous slide:

 With women especially, there is a lot of social pressure to conform to a

certain physical shape.
 The first National Government wasn't intended to be a coalition
government in the normal sense of the term.
 This will cut down the amount of drug required and so the cost of
treatment.
 A series of approximately fifty questions was asked again and again.
FORMALITY
The following sentences do not observe the concept of formality. Identify the
words and phrases that do not conform to the standard by employing the
aforementioned guidelines in the previous slide:

 With women especially, there is a lot of social pressure to conform to

a certain physical shape.
 The first National Government wasn't intended to be a coalition
government in the normal sense of the term.
 This will cut down the amount of drug required and so the cost of
treatment.
 A series of approximately fifty questions was asked again and again.
PRECISION
In academic writing, facts and figures are
given precisely. You need to be precise
when you use information, dates or figures.
Do not use "a lot of people" when you can
say "50 million people".
INSTEAD OF:
Chemists had attempted to synthesize quinine for the
longest time but all they had achieved was to
discover the extreme complexity of the problem.

WRITE:
Chemists had attempted to synthesize quinine for the
previous one hundred years but all they had
achieved was to discover the extreme complexity of
the problem.
PRECISION
Read the following passage and decide whether or not it is precise.
Decide what words or phrases make it or do not make it precise.

Global health has been experiencing one of its coronavirus crises

in the recent years. SARS-CoV emerged in the early 2000s as
thousands of people were reportedly infected and hundreds killed
worldwide. Following MERS-CoV in the past decade, also
thousands were infected and hundreds killed, and now nCoV.
Recently, authorities reported the outbreak of a mysterious new
pneumonia in one of the cities of China, which is progressing at a
significant rate.
PRECISION
Read the following passage and decide whether or not it is precise.
Decide what words or phrases make it or do not make it precise.

Global health has been experiencing one of its coronavirus

crises in the recent years. SARS-CoV emerged in the early
2000s as thousands of people were reportedly infected and
hundreds killed worldwide. Following MERS-CoV in the past
decade, also thousands were infected and hundreds killed,
and now nCoV. Recently, authorities reported the outbreak of a
mysterious new pneumonia in one of the cities of China,
which is progressing at a significant rate.
PRECISION
Read the following passage and decide whether or not it is precise.
Decide what words or phrases make it or do not make it precise.

Global health has been experiencing its third coronavirus crisis in

less than twenty years. SARS-CoV emerged in 2002 as 8422
people were reportedly infected and 916 killed worldwide.
Following MERS-CoV in 2012, 1401 were infected and 543
killed and now nCoV. On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan
Health Commission reported the outbreak of a mysterious new
pneumonia in Wuhan City, which is progressing at a significant
rate.
OBJECTIVITY
 Written language is in general objective
rather than personal. It therefore has fewer
words that refer to the writer or the reader.
 This means that the MAIN EMPHASIS
SHOULD BE ON THE
INFORMATION that you want to give
and the arguments you want to make,
rather than you. 
 The thoughts and beliefs should be based
on your lectures, reading, discussion and
research and it is important to make this
clear.
OBJECTIVITY
In general, avoid words like "I", "me", "myself". A reader will normally assume that any
idea not referenced is your own. It is therefore unnecessary to make this explicit.

INSTEAD OF: WRITE:

In my opinion, this a very interesting study. This is a very interesting study.

INSTEAD OF: WRITE:

You can easily forget how different life was It is easy to forget how different life was 50
50 years ago. years ago.
OBJECTIVITY
Compare the following passages and decide which one is more
objective:
Researchers have suggested ways of making second language teaching and testing
more "communicative" (e.g., Canale and Swain, 1980; Oller, 1979b) on the grounds
that a communicative approach better reflects the nature of language proficiency
than one which emphasizes the acquisition of discrete language skills.

We don't really know what language proficiency is but many people have talked
about it for a long time. Some researchers have tried to find ways for us to make
teaching and testing more communicative because that is how language works. I
think that language is something we use for communicating, not an object for us to
study and we remember that when we teach and test it.
OBJECTIVITY
Compare the following passages and decide which one is more
objective:
Researchers have suggested ways of making second language teaching and testing
more "communicative" (e.g., Canale and Swain, 1980; Oller, 1979b) on the grounds
that a communicative approach better reflects the nature of language proficiency
than one which emphasizes the acquisition of discrete language skills.

We don't really know what language proficiency is but many people have talked
about it for a long time. Some researchers have tried to find ways for us to make
teaching and testing more communicative because that is how language works. I
think that language is something we use for communicating, not an object for us to
study and we remember that when we teach and test it.
EXPLICITNESS
Academic writing is explicit about
the relationships in the text.
Furthermore, it is the responsibility
of the writer in English to make it
clear to the reader how the various
parts of the text are related. These
connections can be made explicit by
the use of different signaling words.
EXPLICITNESS
For example, if you want to tell your reader that your line of argument
is going to change, make it clear.

The Bristol 167 was to be Britain's great new advance on American

types such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6, which did
not have the range to fly the Atlantic non-stop. It was also to be the
largest aircraft ever built in Britain. However, even by the end of the
war, the design had run into serious difficulties.
EXPLICITNESS
For example, if you want to tell your reader that your line of argument
is going to change, make it clear.

The Bristol 167 was to be Britain's great new advance on American

types such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6, which did
not have the range to fly the Atlantic non-stop. It was also to be the
largest aircraft ever built in Britain. However, even by the end of the
war, the design had run into serious difficulties.
EXPLICITNESS
If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another
sentence, make it explicit.

While an earlier generation of writers had noted this feature of the

period, it was not until the recent work of Cairncross that the
significance of this outflow was realized. Partly this was because the
current account deficit appears much smaller in current (1980s) data
than it was thought to be by contemporaries.
EXPLICITNESS
If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another
sentence, make it explicit.

While an earlier generation of writers had noted this feature of the

period, it was not until the recent work of Cairncross that the
significance of this outflow was realized. Partly this was because the
current account deficit appears much smaller in current (1980s) data
than it was thought to be by contemporaries.
EXPLICITNESS
If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so.

Marx referred throughout his work to other systems than the capitalist
system, especially those which he knew from the history of Europe to have
preceded capitalism; systems such as feudalism, where the relation of
production was characterized by the personal relation of the feudal lord and
his serf and a relation of subordination which came from the lord's control of
the land. Similarly, Marx was interested in slavery and in the classical Indian
and Chinese social systems, or in those systems where the ties of local
community are all important.
EXPLICITNESS
If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so.

Marx referred throughout his work to other systems than the capitalist
system, especially those which he knew from the history of Europe to have
preceded capitalism; systems such as feudalism, where the relation of
production was characterized by the personal relation of the feudal lord and
his serf and a relation of subordination which came from the lord's control of
the land. Similarly, Marx was interested in slavery and in the classical Indian
and Chinese social systems, or in those systems where the ties of local
community are all important.
EXPLICITNESS
If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear.

He is born into a family, he marries into a family, and he becomes the

husband and father of his own family. In addition, he has a definite
place of origin and more relatives than he knows what to do with, and
he receives a rudimentary education at the Canadian Mission School.
EXPLICITNESS
If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear.

He is born into a family, he marries into a family, and he becomes the

husband and father of his own family. In addition, he has a definite
place of origin and more relatives than he knows what to do with, and
he receives a rudimentary education at the Canadian Mission School.
EXPLICITNESS
If you are giving examples, do it explicitly.

This has sometimes led to disputes between religious and secular

clergy, between orders and bishops. For example, in the Northern
context, the previous bishop of Down and Connor, Dr. Philbin, refused
for most of his period of leadership in Belfast to have Jesuits visiting or
residing in his diocese.
EXPLICITNESS
If you are giving examples, do it explicitly.

This has sometimes led to disputes between religious and secular

clergy, between orders and bishops. For example, in the Northern
context, the previous bishop of Down and Connor, Dr. Philbin, refused
for most of his period of leadership in Belfast to have Jesuits visiting or
residing in his diocese.
ACCURACY
 In academic writing you need to be
accurate in your use of vocabulary.
 Do not confuse, for example,
"phonetics" and "phonology" or
"grammar" with "syntax".
 Choose the correct word, for example,
"meeting", "assembly" , "gathering" or
"conference".
 Or from: "money", "cash", "currency",
"capital" or "funds"
ACCURACY
Enago Academy notes in their article, “Word Choice in Academic Writing: Tips to Avoid
Common Problems”, the following six common problems concerning word choice:
Six Common Problems
1. Misused words
✘ They’re research explored the…;
✘ There research explored the…
✔ Their research explored the…
2. Words with unwanted connotations or meanings
✘ I sprayed the ants in their private places.
✔ I sprayed the ants in their hiding places
ACCURACY
Enago Academy notes in their article, “Word Choice in Academic Writing: Tips to Avoid
Common Problems”, the following six common problems concerning word choice:
Six Common Problems

3. Complex words where a shorter, simpler term would do

✘ The newly-discovered creature was provided with a nomenclature based on its discoverer.
✔ The newly-discovered creature was provided with a name based on its discoverer.

4. Awkward word choices

✘ Child students’ awareness on sex education has not had reach these heights in recent
memory.
✔ Awareness on sex education among adolescents has significantly increased in the recent
years.
ACCURACY
Enago Academy notes in their article, “Word Choice in Academic Writing: Tips to Avoid
Common Problems”, the following six common problems concerning word choice:
Six Common Problems
5. Words that are similar to each other, but convey the wrong meaning
✘ Physician are required to quickly identify patients with risks of infection with pathogens.
✔ Physicians are required to promptly identify patients with risks of infection with
pathogens.

6. Words that convey finer shades of meaning

✘ Previously, a substantial number of patients were defined as having COVID-19.
✔ Previously, a substantial number of patients were diagnosed with COVID-19.
ORGANIZATION
Academic writing is well organized.
It flows easily from one section to
the next in a logical fashion. A good
place to start is the genre of your
text. Once you have decided on the
genre, the structure is easily
determined.
BEING PLANNED
Academic writing is well planned. It
usually takes place after research and
evaluation, according to a specific purpose
and plan.
Advocacy
Advocacy is an umbrella term
that describes a method, approach
and series of tools used to change
policies and practices, reform
institutions, alter power relations,
change attitudes and behaviors
and give project work a broader
impact.
Advocacy
 Advocacy is a carefully considered,
planned process to influence multiple
stakeholders in order to achieve specified
outcomes.
 Within the development context, it may
include representing the needs and
interests of disadvantaged and
marginalized groups before those who
have the power to make or influence
change (World Blind Union, 2015).
Advocacy
Advocacy seeks to ensure that all people in
society are able to:
• Have their voice heard on issues that
are important to them
• Protect and promote their rights
• Have their views and wishes
genuinely considered when decisions
are being made about their lives
Advocacy
Advocacy is a process of supporting
and enabling people to:
• Express their views, thoughts and
concerns
• Access information, advice and
guidance
• Explore choices and options for
services and care
Advocacy
Advocacy
 Campaign
 A campaign is a planned project
over a given period of time to
achieve specific advocacy goals.
 Therefore, campaigning can be
seen as the process of advancing
advocacy (World Blind Union,
2015).
Campaign
Campaign
 The Language of Campaign and Advocacy
• CLEAR: Easy to understand and remember no matter the audience.
• CONCISE: Direct and to the point without unnecessary insertions that may
distract audiences from the main points.
• CREDIBLE: Believable in that the messages are backed by proof points and
incorporate supporting details to strengthen the key points.
• COMPELLING: Catches your audiences’ attention and inspires them to take
applicable action.
• CONSISTENT: Repeatable and flexible enough to be incorporated into varying
communications channels again and again. 
The Language of Campaigns and Advocacies
• simple and persuasive, incorporating a direct call to action;
• rational, moral and appealing to hearts and minds;
• repetitive and reinforced.