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Internet explorer
Mozilla Firefox
Goggle chrome
Opera mini
Safari
Different parts of internet
• Internet address
• Domain name
• URL
• Networks
• Topologies
• Protocols
Ip Address
• An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
• An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets
of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number
ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4address is 216.3.128.12.
Domain Name
• Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For
example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen
IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular
Web pages. For example, in the URL
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is
pcwebopedia.com.
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
• An ISP is your gateway to the internet and everything else you can do
online.
• The ISP is the link or conduit between your computer and all the
other “servers” on the internet.
• Early ISPs provided internet access through dial-up modem. Now
some ISPs offer high-speed fiber optic connection.
• When you connect a modem to a telephone or cable outlet in your
house. It connects with your ISP. The ISP verifies your account assign
your modem an IP address
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
Network
Local-Area Metropolitan-Area
Wide-Area Network
Network Network
Local Area Network
Local Area Network
• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a group of computers and network devices
connected together, usually within the same building
• Smaller scope - Building or small campus
• LANs are designed to share resources between personal computers or work
stations.
• LANs are distinguished by their
• Size, Transmission Media, Topology
Metropolitan-Area Network
Metropolitan-Area Network
• MAN consists of a medium size geographical area.
• The scope of the MAN is always a city ,town or any two or three near
by cities.
• Common example is Cable TV Network.
• A company can use a MAN to connect to all of its offices throughout a
city.
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network
• Large geographical area
• Usually not owned by private organizations
• WANs connect two or more individual networks using
• Transmission lines
• Switching elements / nodes
Topology
• Topology defines how the systems are physically connected. It represents the
physical layout of the devices on the network.
• Topology means the physical design of a network including the devices,
location and cable installation
• These five types include:
• Mesh
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
• Hybrid or tree
Protocols
• In computer networks ,communication occurs between entities in
different systems .
• An entity is anything capable of sending and receiving information.
• Two generations of IP packets is IPv4 and IPv6
A protocols defines
• What is communicated.
• How it is communicated .
• When it is communicated
Key elements of a protocol
• Syntax
• Data formats
• Semantics
• Control information
• Error handling
• Timing
• Speed matching
• Sequencing
Protocol standards
• Data communications standards fall into two categories :
• De jure
• De facto
De Jure Standard
• De jure (Formal ) : A Standard developed by an official industry or
government body.
• Those have been legislated by an officially recognized body are de
jure standards
• For example, there are formal standards for applications such as Web
browsers (e.g., HTTP, HTML), for network layer software (e.g., IP), data
link layer software (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3), and for physical
hardware (e.g., V.90 modems)
De Facto Standard
• De facto :Standards that have not been approved by an organized
body but have been adopted as standards . De facto means by
tradition or by facts.
• A de facto standard achieves its status through dominance of the
market in which it applies.
• De facto standards are those that emerge in the marketplace and are
supported by several vendors but have no official standing. Examples
of de facto standards include: the QWERTY keyboard,
the Windows operating system