NUTRIENT

PROCUREMENT
and PROCESSING
 TODAY’s AIM
1. Define nutrient and cite the nutritional requirements of plants and
animals;
2. Enumerate nutritional adaptation by plants and feeding
mechanisms in animals;
3. Distinguish different kinds of digestive compartments in animals;
4. Trace the pathway of food processing in a mammalian/human
digestive system
MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCES
Verbal/Linguistic

Logical
 L E T ’ S G E T S TA RT E D

What do you think are the important activities for the

maintenance of life?

Give at least one (1) example of nutrients that

organisms obtain from food.

What are the different organs in the animal body that

may be involved in digestion.
 PLANT
NUTRITION
(1 of 3)
 PLANT NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHS
- Organisms that obtain energy from

NUTRIENTS sunlight and chemicals to produce their

own food.

- Refers to any substance

required for the growth HETEROTROPH
and maintenance of an
organism
- S make their own
Organisms that cannot
food and obtain their energy from other
organisms.
 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS

Water

Carbon Dioxide

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

PLANT NUTRITION
 A B S O R P T I O N O F WAT E R A N D M I N E R A L S A C R O S S P L A N T
R O O T S

Symplast Route
- Passes through the plasmodesmata

Apoplast Route
- Passes along the cell walls

PLANT NUTRITION
 SPECIALIZED ABSORPTIVE STRUCTURES

ROOT HAIRS
- These are slender extensions of
specialized epidermal cells that greatly
increase the surface area available for
absorption

PLANT NUTRITION
 SPECIALIZED ABSORPTIVE STRUCTURES

ROOT
- NODULES
These are localized swellings in roots
of certain plants where bacterial cells
exist symbi0tically with the plant.

PLANT NUTRITION
 SPECIALIZED ABSORPTIVE STRUCTURES

ROOT
- NODULES
The bacteria help the plant fix nitrogen
and in turn, the bacteria are able to
utilize some organic compounds
provided by the plant.

PLANT NUTRITION
 SPECIALIZED ABSORPTIVE STRUCTURES

MYOCCORHIZA
- E
A symbiotic interaction between a young root
and fungus
- Those fungus obtains sugars and nitrogen-
containing compounds from root cells while
the plant is able to get some scarce minerals
that the fungus is better able to absorb from
the soil.

PLANT NUTRITION
NUTRITIONA
L
ADAPTATION
BY PLANTS
N U T R I T I O N A L A D A P TAT I O N B Y P L A N T S

Symbiosis of
plants and soil
microbes

PLANT NUTRITION
N U T R I T I O N A L A D A P TAT I O N B Y P L A N T S

Symbiosis of
plants and fungi

PLANT NUTRITION
N U T R I T I O N A L A D A P TAT I O N B Y P L A N T S

Parasitism

PLANT NUTRITION
N U T R I T I O N A L A D A P TAT I O N B Y P L A N T S

Predation

PLANT NUTRITION
ANSWER ME:

- What is a nutrient?
- Give the difference between: (a)
autotrophs and heterotrophs; (b) apoplast
and symplast; and (c) macronutrients and
micronutrients
 ANIMAL
NUTRITION
(2 of 3)
L E T ’ S G E T STA RT E D

- Get a food or snack and locate the table on

Nutrition Facts on its packaging.
- Read the kind of nutrients listed in the
Nutrition Facts
- What we need to eat and why?
ANIMAL NUTRITION
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Calories
- It is a unit of energy that indicates the amount of
energy contained in food.
- It refers to the amount of heat energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1ºC.
- The greater the number of Calories in a quantity of
food, the greater the energy it contains.
 NUTRITIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
of ANIMALS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Carbohydrates
- Serves as the major energy
source for the cells in the body.
- On average, carbohydrates
contain 4 calories per gram
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Proteins
- Can also be used as an energy
source but the body mainly uses
these as building materials for
cell structures and as enzymes,
hormones, parts of muscles and
bones.
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Fats
- These are used to build cell
membranes, steroid hormones, and
other cellular structures
- It contains higher amount of energy
per gram which is 9 calories per gram
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Essential amino - Needed for synthesis of proteins

and enzymes
Acids
- Used for making special membrane
lipids such as linoleic acid in humans
Essential fatty acids

Vitamins - Organic molecules that required in small

amounts for normal metabolism

Trace Elements/
- These are inorganic nutrients needed by the body in minute
Minerals amounts

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
 TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Phagocytosis
- Engulfment of organic
fragments or big
particles

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Pinocytosis
- Uptake of extracellular
fluid by a cell using
small vesicles derived
from the plasma
membrane

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Receptor-mediated
endocytosis
- This relies on membrane
receptor recognition of
specific solutes which are
then take up by the cell via
receptor-coated pits

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS
 TYPES of
ANIMALS based on
FEEDING
MECHANISMS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Substrate-feeders
- They are animals that live in
or their food source.

TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING MECHANISMS

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Filter-feeders
- They are animals that include
many aquatic animals which
draw in water and strain small
organisms and food particles
present in the medium

TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING MECHANISMS

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Fluid-feeders
- They suck containing nutrients
from a living host.

TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING MECHANISMS

ANIMAL NUTRITION

Bulk-feeders
- They eat relatively large chunks
of food and have adaptations like
jaws, teeth, tentacles, claws,
pincers etc. that help in securing
the food and tearing it to pieces.

TYPES OF ANIMALS BASED ON FEEDING MECHANISMS

 KINDS of
DIGESTIVE
COMPARTMENTS in
ANIMALS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Food Vacuole in Unicellular

organisms
- These fuse with lysosomes that
contain hydrolytic

K I N D S O F D I G E S T I V E C O M PA RT M E N T S I N A N I M A L S
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Gastrovascular cavity (incomplete

digestive system)
- Composed of a single opening
through which food is taken in
and where wastes are disposed

K I N D S O F D I G E S T I V E C O M PA RT M E N T S I N A N I M A L S
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Complete Digestive System

- It is essentially like a tube with an
opening at one end for taking in
food and an opening at the other
end where unabsorbed waste
materials are eliminated.

K I N D S O F D I G E S T I V E C O M PA RT M E N T S I N A N I M A L S
 ACCESSORY
ORGANS for
DIGESTION in
COMPLETE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Liver
- It secretes bile for emulsifying fats

ACCESSORY GLANDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Gallbladder
- Stores bile produced by the live

ACCESSORY GLANDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION

Pancreas
- Secretes enzymes that break down
all major food molecules

ACCESSORY GLANDS
ANSWER ME:

- State several reasons why carbohydrates

are usually needed in more amounts than
fats in the diet.
- Why protein should be included in the
diet?
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
(1 of 3)
L E T ’ S G E T STA RT E D

- Food processing in the

human digestive system
STAGES of FOOD
PROCESSING
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

INGESTION
- The act of feeding or eating
- This is coupled with the
mechanical breakdown of food into
smaller pieces allowing for a
greater surface area for chemical
digestion

STA G E S OF FOO D PR O C E SSI N G

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIGESTION
- The act of breaking down of food
into particles then into nutrient
molecules small enough to be
Chemical digestion by enzymes
involves breaking of chemical
bonds through the addition of water

STA G E S OF FOO D PR O C E SSI N G

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ABSORPTION
- Passage of digested nutrients and
fluid across the tube wall and into
the body fluids
- The cell take up (absorb) small
molecules such as amino acids and
simple sugars

STA G E S OF FOO D PR O C E SSI N G

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ELIMINATION
- Expulsion of the undigested
and unabsorbed materials from
the end of the gut

STA G E S OF FOO D PR O C E SSI N G

ORGANS involved
in FOOD
PROCESSING
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ORAL CAVITY
- It is where food is initially
chewed into shreds by the teeth
and mixed with saliva by the
tongue.

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PHARYNX
- The region in the back of the
throat that serves as the entrance
to the esophagus that connects to
the stomach and trachea
(windpipe) that serves as airway
to the lungs.

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ESOPHAGUS
- No digestion takes place in it but
the contraction within its
muscular wall propels the food
past a sphincter into the stomach

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

STOMACH
- It is a muscular, stretchable sac
located just below the
diaphragm.
- Mixes and stores ingested food
and secretes gastric juices.

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SMALL INTESTINE
- It is where most enzymatic
hydrolysis of the macromolecules
from food occurs.
- It is also devoted to absorbing water
and the products of digestion into
the bloodstream

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ACCESSORY GLANDS

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

LARGE INTESTINE
- It concentrates and stores undigested matter
by absorbing mineral ions and water.
- It does not coil up and does not have villi
and has only one-thirtieth of the absorptive
surface area of the small intestine

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RECTUM
- It is where the compacted undigested food
from the colon are pushed via peristaltic
contractions
- The ANUS is the terminal opening of the
digestive system through which feces are
expelled

O R G A N S I N V O LV E D I N F O O D P R O C E S S I N G
Thankyou!!!