Unit 1

System Development
Fundamentals
a. The System Development Environment
Learning Objectives

Implement System Analysis and

Design for Real World Systems

Concept of System Deployment

Models

Use of Modelling Techniques

Understanding of
System/Information System
Analysis and Design

Understanding and specifying in

detail, WHAT an information
system should do

Specifying in detail, HOW the

parts of information system
should be implemented
System Analysis and Design

Complex organizational process where by

computer based information system are
developed and maintained.
Introduction

• Information Systems Analysis and Design

• Complex organizational process
• Used to develop and maintain computer-based information systems
• Used by a team of business and systems professionals
Application Software
• Computer software designed to support organizational functions or
processes
Systems Analyst
• Organizational role most responsible for analysis and design of
information systems
FIGURE An organizational approach to systems analysis and design is
driven by methodologies, techniques, and tools.
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design

• 1950s: focus on efficient automation of existing processes

• 1960s: advent of procedural third generation languages (3GL) faster and more
reliable computers
• 1970s: system development becomes more like an engineering discipline
• 1980s: major breakthrough with 4GL, CASE tools, object-oriented methods
• 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI applications, client/server platforms,
Internet
• The new century: Web application development, wireless PDAs and smart
phones, component-based applications, per-use cloud-based application services.
Developing Information Systems

• System Development Methodology is a standard process followed in

an organization to conduct all the steps necessary to analyze, design,
implement, and maintain information systems.
System Development Life Cycle
The systems development life
cycle (SDLC), also referred to
as the
application development life-
cycle, is a term used
in systems engineering,
information systems and
software engineering to
describe a process for
planning, creating, testing,
and deploying an
information system
• Planning – an organization’s total information system needs are identified, analyzed,
prioritized, and arranged
• Analysis – system requirements are studied and structured
• Design – a description of the recommended solution is converted into logical and then
physical system specifications

• Logical design – all functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis
are described independently of any computer platform
• Physical design – the logical specifications of the system from logical design are
transformed into the technology-specific details from which all programming and system
construction can be accomplished
• Implementation – the information system is coded, tested, installed
and supported in the organization
• Maintenance – an information system is systematically repaired and
improved
 A Specialized Systems Development Life Cycle
• Figure Microsoft’s Security Development Lifecycle (SDL)

Training
Release makes Response deals
focuses These are like traditional SDLC’s analysis, Verification
product with security
on security. design, and implementation. focuses on
available for problems that
product quality
general use. come up after
assurance.
product release.
 The Heart of the Systems Development Process

Figure : Analysis–design–code–test loop Figure : The heart of systems development

Current practice combines analysis, design, and implementation into a single iterative and parallel
process of activities.
Traditional Waterfall SDLC

One phase begins when another

completes, with little backtracking and
looping.
Problems with Waterfall Approach

• Feedback ignored, milestones lock in design specs even when

conditions change
• Limited user involvement (only in requirements phase)
• Too much focus on milestone deadlines of SDLC phases to the
detriment of sound development practices
What is a System
an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal
Tools

Proc
ess

People
System Components/Elements
System Components/Elements
• Outputs and Inputs
• The main aim of a system
is to produce an output
which is useful for its
user.
• Inputs are the
information that enters
into the system for
processing.
• Output is the outcome of
processing.
System Components/Elements
• Processing
• The processor is the element of a system that
involves the actual transformation of input into
output.
• Processors may modify the input either totally or
partially, depending on the output specification.
System Components/Elements
• Control
• It is the decision–making
subsystem that controls
the pattern of activities
governing input,
processing, and output.
• In order to keep system
in balance, what and
how much input is
needed is determined by
Output Specifications.
System Components/Elements
• Feedback
• Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system.
• Positive feedback is routine in nature that
encourages the performance of the system.
• Negative feedback is informational in nature that
provides the controller with information for action.
System Components/Elements
• Environment
• The environment is the “super system” within which
an organization operates.
• It determines how a system must function. For
example, vendors and competitors of organization’s
environment, may provide constraints that affect the
actual performance of the business.
System Components/Elements
• Boundaries/Interface
• A system should be defined by its boundaries.
Boundaries are the limits that identify its
components, processes, and interrelationship when
it interfaces with another system.
Information System – Users
Developer
End Users
s
●
Customers ●
System Analyst
●
Sales Persons ●
Designer
●
Accountants ●
Developer
●
Managers
●
Support Staffs
System Analyst
The system analyst is a person who is
thoroughly AWARE of the SYSTEM and
GUIDES the system development project by
giving proper DIRECTIONS.

S/He is an EXPERT having TECHNICAL and

INTERPERSONEL skills to carry out
DEVELOPMENT tasks required at each phase.
System Analyst - Skills
Interpersonal Skills
• Interface with users and
programmer.
• Facilitate groups and lead
smaller teams.
• Managing expectations.
• Good understanding,
communication, selling and
teaching abilities.
• Motivator having the
confidence to solve queries.
Analytical Skills
• System study and
organizational knowledge
• Problem identification,
problem analysis, and
problem solving
• Sound commonsense
• Ability to access trade-off
• Curiosity to learn about new
organization
Management Skills
• Understand users jargon
and practices.
• Resource & project
management.
• Change & risk
management.
• Understand the
management functions
thoroughly.
Technical Skills
• Understand users jargon and practices.
• Resource & project management.
• Change & risk management.
• Understand the management functions
thoroughly.
NOTE
System Analysis requires special Art/Skill Set to
Identify and Transform Business Requirements into
System Solution

“Computer system analysis is like child-rearing; you

can do grievous damage, but you cannot ensure
success.”
— Tom DeMarco
Different Approaches to Improving Development
• CASE Tools
• Agile Methodologies
• eXtreme Programming
Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
• Diagramming tools enable graphical representation.
• Computer displays and report generators help prototype how systems “look
and feel”.

• Analysis tools automatically check for consistency in diagrams, forms, and

reports.
• A central repository provides integrated storage of diagrams, reports, and
project management specifications.
• Documentation generators standardize technical and user
documentation.
• Code generators enable automatic generation of programs and
database code directly from design documents, diagrams, forms, and
reports.
Agile Methodologies

• Motivated by recognition of software development as fluid,

unpredictable, and dynamic
Three key principles
• Adaptive rather than predictive
• Emphasize people rather than roles
• Self-adaptive processes
• The Agile Methodologies group argues that software development
methodologies adapted from engineering generally do not fit with
real-world software development.
When to use Agile Methodologies
If your project involves:
• Unpredictable or dynamic requirements
• Responsible and motivated developers
• Customers who understand the process and will get involved
eXtreme Programming
• Short, incremental development cycles
• Automated tests
• Two-person programming teams
• Coding, testing, listening, designing

Coding and testing operate together

• Advantages:
• Communication between developers
• High level of productivity
• High-quality code
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
• Based on objects rather than data or processes
• Object: a structure encapsulating attributes and behaviors of a real-world
entity

• Object class: a logical grouping of objects sharing the same attributes and
behaviors
• Inheritance: hierarchical arrangement of classes enable subclasses to inherit
properties of superclasses
b. The Origin of Software
Different sources of software
• IT services firm
• Packaged s/w providers
• Vendors of enterprise-wide solution s/w
• Application service providers and managed service providers
• Open source s/w
• The organization itself when it develops s/w in-house
SYSTEM ACQUISITION
Outsourcing
• If one organization develops or runs a computer application for another organization ,
that practice is called outsourcing.
• It includes spectrum of working arrangement.
• Examples- company running payroll application,
Why outsourcing?
Freeing up internal resources
Increasing the revenue potential of the organization
Reducing time to market
Increasing process efficiencies
Sources of software
1. Information technology services firms
• If the company needs an information system but not have the
expertise or the personnel to develop the system in-house, and a
suitable off-the-shelf system is not available, the company will likely
consult an IT service firm.
2. Packaged s/w producers
• Packaged software is mainly designed by software companies to
generalize the tasks. They are general purpose software. Some
common types of packaged software are as follows.
 
• Word processing Software Eg: MS-Word
• Database software Eg: MS-Access, Oracle etc
• Spreadsheet Software Eg: MS-Excel
3. Enterprise solution software
• Many organization are choosing complete software solution called
enterprise solution or enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to
support their operation and business processes.
• It consists of a series of integrated modules.
4. Application service providers and managed service providers

• Another method for organization to obtain application is to rent them

from third party providers who run the applications at remote site.
Users have to access the application through the internet or through
virtual private network.
• The company that hosts the applications are called application service
providers(ASP).
• ASP offer packaged application.
• Respond to the need for growth and flexibility is a new generation of
providers called managed service providers(MSP).
• MSP offer customized application.
5. Open source s/w
• It is freely available, not just final product but the source code itself.
• It is developed by a community of interested people instead of by
employees of a particular company.
• It performs the same operation as commercial s/w
• Eg: Linux, MySQL, database, firefox, etc.
6. The organization itself when it develops s/w in-house

• Developed by company itself according to their company needs

• It is developed when resources and staff are available within the
company
REUSE OF S/W
• Reuse is the use of previously written s/w resources in new
applications because so many bits and pieces of applications are
relatively generic across application, it seems intuitive that great
savings can be achieved in many areas if those generic bits and pieces
do not have to be written a new each time they are needed.
• Reuse should increase programmer productivity because being able
to use existing s/w for some function means that they can perform
more work in same amount of time.
• Reuse should also decrease development time, minimizing schedule
over-runs.

• Existing piece of s/w already tested, reusing them results them in

higher-quality s/w.
C. Managing the information system project
History of Information Systems
History of MIS
MIS started with simple Manual System
such as Customer Database
on Index Card during 1642
(Sailaja, 2012)

MIS first appeared in business environments

in 1960s with the advent of
Mainframe Computers
IS - Definition
An information system (IS) is an organized
system for the collection, organization,
storage and communication of
information.
More specifically, it is the study of
complementary networks that people and
organizations use to collect, filter, process,
create and distribute data.
Information Technology - Impact
Topic Future Impact
World Systems analysts will be affected by global trends.
They will probably work for more firms in their careers,
be exposed to more information, and see greater
change than at any time in history.
Technology The systems analyst will need to have both business
savvy and technical skills. He or she will have a unique
opportunity to work at the intersection of business
operations and information technology. The synergy
between technology growth and globalization will create jobs
and opportunities for people with the right skills.
Client Demand Students preparing for the workplace of tomorrow
will need a strong skill set. Systems analysts will be
expected to bring communications, modeling,
problem-solving, decision making, and critical thinking
skills to the workplace — and to be aware of ethical
issues that might affect them.
Impact of Internet
Impact of Internet

https://www.internetworldstats.com/
Impact of Internet
Impact of Internet
Impact of Internet
Impact of Internet

Business is THERE
Where peoples ARE !

Hence, Internet is a BUSINESS PLACE !

Impact of Internet on Business
Business-to-Customer (B2C)

Retail shops selling items online.

Example

bhatbhateni, daraz, munchha etc

Impact of Internet on Business
Business-to-Business (B2B)

Businesses collaborating

Example

Alibaba, weebly
Impact of Internet on Business
Business-to-Government (B2G)

Contractual agreement of product and

services

Example

Bolpatra.com
Impact of Internet on Business
Customer-to-Customer(C2C)

Business between individuals

Example

Hamrobazar.com
Information Need
Top Manager

Middle
Managers

Supervisors

Operational
Staffs
Information Need – Top Managers
Develop long-range plans, called strategic plans, which
define the company’s overall mission and goals.
• include professional staff members such as systems
analysts, programmers, accountants, researchers,
trainers, and human resource specialists.
• Knowledge workers also use business support systems,
knowledge management systems, and user
productivity systems.
Information Need – Middle Managers
Provide direction, necessary resources, and
performance feedback to supervisors and team leaders.
Information Need
• “How much should the company invest in information
technology?”
• “How much will Internet sales grow in the next five
years?”
• “Should the company build new factories or contract
out the production functions?”
• External information “economic forecasts, technology
trends, competitive threats, and governmental issues”.
Information Need – Supervisors

• Often called team leaders, oversee operational

employees and carry out day-to-day functions.
• They coordinate operational tasks and people, make
necessary decisions, and ensure that the right tools,
materials, and training are available.
Information Need – Operational Employees

• Operational employees include users who rely on TP

systems to enter and receive data they need to
perform their jobs.
• In many companies, operational users also need
information to handle tasks and make decisions that
were assigned previously to supervisors.
Business Strategy

is the art, science, and craft of

formulating, implementing and evaluating
cross-functional decisions
that will enable an organization
to achieve its long-term objectives.
Business Strategy

Information

Information system can be very essential to

determine the business strategy
Business Strategy

Follow

Information system should be developed in

alignment to meet/achieve the business strategy
goal and objectives
Analyzing Business Case
• During the systems planning phase, the IT team reviews
a proposal to determine if it presents a strong business
case.
• The term business case refers to the reasons, or
justification, for a proposal.
• A strong business case suggests that the company
should pursue the alternative, above other options,
because it would be in the firm’s best interest to do so.
• To analyze the business case for a specific proposal, the
analyst must consider the company’s overall mission,
objectives, and IT needs.
• Business Case should answer ‘WHY’ the system is
needed !
Analyzing Business Case

IT team must understand, support, and help plan long-

term strategic goals.
Along with financial, marketing, and human resources,
companies need information technology to achieve
growth and success.
System Development Activity
Includes a
Feasibility
Study

System Request
Feasibility Study

Ask these important questions:

• Is the proposal desirable in an operational sense? Is it a
practical approach that will solve a problem or achieve
company goals?
• Is the proposal technically feasible?
• Is the proposal economically desirable? What are the
projected savings and costs?
• Can the proposal be accomplished within an acceptable
time frame?
Feasibility Study
Operational Feasibility
Ask these important questions:
• Does management support the project? Do users support the
project?
• Will the new system result in a workforce reduction? If so,
what will happen to affected employees?
• Will the new system require training for users?
• Will users be involved in planning the new system right from
the start?
• Will the new system place any new demands on users or
require any operating changes?
• Will any risk to the company’s image or goodwill result?
• Do legal or ethical issues need to be considered?
Technical Feasibility
Ask these important questions:
• Does the company have the needed technical expertise? If not,
can it be acquired?
• Will a prototype be required?
• Will the hardware and software environment be reliable? Will
it integrate with other company information systems, both
now and in the future? Will it interface properly with external
systems operated by customers and suppliers?
• Do clear expectations and performance specifications exist?
• Will the system be able to handle future transaction volume
and company growth?
Technical Feasibility
Ask these important questions:
• Does the company have the needed technical expertise? If not,
can it be acquired?
• Will a prototype be required?
• Will the hardware and software environment be reliable? Will
it integrate with other company information systems, both
now and in the future? Will it interface properly with external
systems operated by customers and suppliers?
• Do clear expectations and performance specifications exist?
• Will the system be able to handle future transaction volume
and company growth?
Economic Feasibility
Must be able to allocate cost for
• People, including IT staff and users
• Hardware and equipment
• Software, including in-house development as well as purchases
from vendors
• Formal and informal training
• Licenses and fees
• Consulting expenses
• Facility costs
• The estimated cost of not developing the system or postponing
the project
Schedule Feasibility
Must be able answer following questions
• Can the company or the IT team control the factors that affect
schedule feasibility?
• Has management established a firm timetable for the project?
• What conditions must be satisfied during the development of
the system?
• Will an accelerated schedule pose any risks? If so, are the risks
acceptable?
• Will project management techniques be available to
coordinate and control the project?
• Will a project manager be appointed?
Steps of Feasibility Investigation