ADVANCED NDT METHODS

THERMOGRAPHY
Infrared thermography is equipment or
method, which detects infrared energy
emitted from object, converts it to
temperature, and displays image of
temperature distribution
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT
 It captures as a temperature distribution on a
surface,and it can display as a visible
information.
 Temperature can be measured from a
distance without contacting an object.
 Temperature can be measured in real time.
 ADVANTAGES OF IR SYSTM
• Relative comparison of distribution of surface temperature
can be made over a wide area.
• Temperature can be measured easily for a moving object
or an object which is dangerous to get close to.
• Temperature of small object can be measured without
confusing the temperature.
• Temperature of food, medicine or chemicals can be
measured in a sanitary fashion.
• Temperature of an object with drastic temperature change
or a phenomenon during a short period of time can be
measured.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
INFRARED SYSTEM
• It is invisible since its wavelength is longer than visible light.
Not connected with brightness or darkness of visible light
• It is emitted naturally from any object of which temperature
is absolute zero(0K) or higher. 　 Hence can be applied to
any field
• It is a kind of light (electromagnetic wave) 　 It can be
transmitted through vacuum.
There is a correlation between infrared energy and
temperature of an object. 　 Therefore, it can be used to
measure the temperature of an object
PRINCIPLE
Camera Element

The sensitivity
of camera:
240 x 120
320 x240,
640x320 pixels
THERMOGRAPHY IMAGE
Principle of AET
Acoustic Emission Technology
powerful method for examining the behavior
of materials deforming under stress.
Acoustic Emission may be defined as a
transient elastic wave generated by the
rapid release of energy within a material.
Small-scale damage is detectable long before
failure, so AE can be used as a non-
destructive technique to find defects during
structural proof tests and plant operation.
 FAILURE MODE
Crack propagation
Yielding
Fatigue
Corrosion, Stress corrosion
Creep
Fiber fracture, delamination
Application of AE
Monitoring structures:

Continuous monitoring (metallic

structures, mines, etc.)
Periodic testing (pressure vessels,
pipelines, bridges, cables)
Loose Part Detection
Leak Detection
 Application of AE
Special applications
Petrochemical and chemical: storage tanks, reactor
vessels, offshore platforms, drill pipe, pipelines,
valves, hydro-treaters
Electric utilities: nuclear reactor vessels, piping,
steam generators, ceramic insulators, transformers,
aerial devices
Aircraft and aerospace: fatigue cracks, corrosion,
composite structures, etc.
Electronics: loose particles in electronic components,
bonding, substrate cracking.
 Sensors
Piezo electric type
AE sensors sense motion in the low ultrasonic
frequency range (10 kHz - 2000 kHz). 
Motions as small as 10-12 inches can be detected. 
Can hear the breaking of a single grain in a metal, a
single fiber in a fiber-reinforced composite, and a tiny
gas bubble from a pinhole leak as it arrives at the liquid
surface. 
By detecting sources as small as above or as large as
brittle crack advance, the structural health is
monitored
AE Signal
AE Equipment
 Location of Acoustic Emission
Sources
Real time analysis
Can be located at the surface at a distance from the sourve of sound
Exact location can be detected by traingulation method by
calculating the time taken for individual wave to arrival at each
sensor
For location in one dimension – two sendors are required
For location in two dimension three sesnors are required
For location in three dimension, four sensors are required
Relatively large sructures can be analysed by multiple sensors
Insulation need not be removed in vessels
Application of AE
PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
cracks in rotating pressure vessels, such as steam-heated
Yankee and paper machine dryers
in rotating equipment, such as felt rolls, reel spools,
calendar rolls, and suction rolls
machine structural components, such as swing arms
delamination of bonded materials, including thermal spray
metal coatings and rubber roll covers
hydrostatic testing of pressure vessels in fitness for service
examinations
Application of AE
LEAK DETECTION
Acoustic energy is transmitted through the fluid, through
air or the structure to a piezo electric sensor. detects the
AE signal that is generated from the turbulent or
cavitational flow through a crack, valve, seal or
orificemonitoring of pipelines in utility and petrochemical
plants
leak detection in boilers, vessels, and through valves.
Multiple sensors controlled in one machine
Can operate as a stand alone mode
Application of AE
VESSEL INSPECTION
Vessel inspection for metal and FRP vessels and spheres
Sensors are placed on the vessels in arrays to monitor the
entire pressure boundary. The vessel is then subjected to
pressures typically 10 percent above previous operating
levels (well below the vessel pressure rating) with the test
pressures being subjected in a pressure rise-hold-rise-hold
fashion to peak stress, while monitoring the AE activity
during each of these pressurization segments
AE examination of vessels is the most sensitive and cost-
effective method for vessel inspection in the world today
and adheres to standards set by ASTM and the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers
Application of AE
Weld Analysis
Weld Quality Analysis and Weld Control,
 resistance spot welding (alternating current and direct current),
 metal-inert gas/tungsten-inert gas welding,
 electron beam welding,
 laser welding,
 friction welding.

Able to detect
 oxidation burn-off,
 nugget formation,
 hot cracking,
 expulsion
 post weld cracking.
Application of AE
Crack Detection
One of the oldest and most successful applications of
acoustic emission has been in manufacturing,
with the detection of cracking in various materials during
 bonding,

 forming

 pressing operations.
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 Amplifier

Controller

Pre-amplifier

AE Sensor
AE Sensor
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