SDH Principle-20080528-A

SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1. SDH Overview
2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
3. Overheads & Pointers
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Emergence of SDH
 What is SDH?
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 It defines a standard frame structure, a specific
multiplexing method, and so on.
 Why did SDH emerge?

 Need for a system to process increasing amounts of
information.
 New standard that allows interconnecting equipment of
different suppliers.
Advantages of SDH
 Interfaces
 PDH electrical interfaces
 SDH electrical interface
s
 Only 3 regional standards
: European (2.048 Mb/s),  Universal standards
Japanese, North American  SDH optical interfaces
(1.544 Mb/s)
 Can be connected to diff
 PDH optical interfaces erent vendors’ optical
 No standards, manufacture transmission equipments.
rs develop at their will.
Disadvantages of PDH
 Multiplexing methods: Level by level
140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s
Demultiplexers Multiplexers
2 Mb/s
More equipment to achieve this functionality
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission More equipment  More floor space
Headache for network planners More power  More costs
Advantages of SDH
 Multiplexing methods: byte interleaved
Lower rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from
STM-1
A STM-1 B
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16  STM-64)
A A A
STM-1
B …
B B B 4:1 STM-4
C
STM-1
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
D
STM-1
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities
Advantages of SDH
 OAM function
 PDH
 SDH
 Abundant overheads byt
 In the frame structure
es for OAM
of PDH signals, there a
re few overhead bytes u  Remote & Centralized M
sed for OAM. anagement
 Weak OAM function  Fast circuit provision

ing from centralized p
oint
Advantages of SDH
 Compatibility
STM-N
STM-N Transmit Receive
Processing Processing
SDH Network
Container Container
Pack Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

Service Signal Flow Model
Comparison between SDH and PDH
 Low bandwidth utilization ratio
 In PDH, E4 signal (140Mbits/s) can contain 64 E1 signal
s.
 In SDH, STM-1 (155 Mbits/s) can only carry 63 E1 signal
s.
 Complex mechanism of pointer justification

 Influence of excessive use of software on system secu
rity
Contents
1. SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
1. One frame lasts for 125

microseconds (8000 frames/s)
2. Rectangular block structure 9
rows and 270 columns (Basic
123456789
frame: STM-1)
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits) 9 rows
4. Transmission mode: Byte by
byte, row by row, from left to
right, from top to bottom
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000
SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
 Three parts:
RSOH
SOH
123456789

AU-PTR Information
9 rows
 AU-Pointer Payload
MSOH
 Information
Payload 9
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure
Information Payload
√ Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
√ Used to transport low speed tributary signals
√ Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
√ Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
HPOH
AU-PTR
9 rows Payload low rate signal
MSOH package
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data
package
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure
Section
Section Overhead
Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM
Types of Section Overhead
RSOH
123
1. RSOH monitors the regenerator

AU-PTR Information section
9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing
56789
Payload section
MSOH Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns
SDH Frame Structure
AU-PTR
Function: RSOH
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information
Location: 9 rows
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9 Payload
MSOH
J1
270 Columns
SDH Multiplexing Features
 SDH Multiplexing includes:
 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)
 Some terms and definitions:

 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing
Go to glossary
SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
×3
Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal
×3
From 140Mb/s to STM-N
C4 VC4
1
1
H
140M Rate adaptation Add HPOH P Next
O
H
9 Mapping 9
1 260 261
1
125 μs 125μs
AUG-1 1 STM-1 270
10 270
RSOH
Info
Add AU-PTR AU-4 Add AU-PTR Payload
AU-PTR X1
SOH
MSOH
9
Aligning Multiplexing
AUG-N 1 STM-N 270N
RSOH
Info
One STM-1 frame can load only Add Payload
AU-PTR
one 140Mbit/s Signal SOH
MSOH
9
C3 VC3
1 1
L
34M Rate Add LPOH P
Adaptation Next
O
H
9 9
84 Mapping 85
1 1
125μs 125μs
TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 H
Fill P
1st ×3
gap R R
align O
R
H
9 9 9
Aligning Multiplexing Same
procedure
as 140M
From 2Mb/s to STM-N
VC12 TU12
C12
1 4 1 LPOH 4 1 4
1 1 1
Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation LPOH TU-PTR page
9 9 9
125μs Aligning
Mapping TU-PTR
From 2Mb/s to STM-N
TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
R R
X3 X7
9 9
Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
procedure
as 34M
Questions
 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

 What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?
Contents
1. SDH Overview
Overheads
Overheads
Section Path
Overhead Overhead
(SOH) (POH)
Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

Regenerator Section
Overhead Overhead Overhead
Overhead (RSOH)
(MSOH) (HPOH) (LPOH)
Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X J1
2
RSOH
3 B1 ● ● E1 ● F1 X X B3
HPOH: VC-3/4
4 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3   C2
5
AU-PTR G1
6
MSOH
7 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 F2
8 D4  D5 D6 H4
9
D7 D8 D9 F3
D10 dependent bytes (Radio-link,

● Media D11 Satellite) D12  K3
X Reserved for National use V5 J2 N2 K4
 S1
Huawei propriety bytes M1 E2 LPOH: VC-11/12 N1
A1 and A2 Bytes
 Framing Bytes
 Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
 Bytes are unscrambled
 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
 STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
Finding frame head
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
N over 625μs
Find (5 frames)
A1,A2
OOF
Y
over 3ms
LOF
Next AIS
process
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
 Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)
 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE NE NE NE
DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Operation, Administration and
maintenance
E1 and E2 Bytes
 Orderwire Bytes
 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte  Used between regenerators
 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte  Used between multiplexers
NE NE NE NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS
B1 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
 A parity code (even parity)
 Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010 1#STM-N Calculate BB 2#STM-N
BIP-8 A4 00001111
B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

Compare B’ & B  RS-BBE
B2 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
 BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS
 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
 The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1
M1 Byte
 Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
 A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit errors
 Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit errors
 Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Traffic
Tx Rx
Generat Return
e M1 Find B2 bit
MS- errors
FEBBE Generate MS-
MS-REI BBE
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes
Automatic
Protection
Switching (APS)
bytes I
I I
I
S WTR
S P WTR
P P P
Used for network multiplexing

Transmitting APS protocol
protection switch function
K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte
Start
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111“
 Generate MS-AIS alarm
Detect
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110" 110
K2 (b6-b8)
 Generate MS-RDI alarm
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
Return
MS-RDI
MS-RDI
S1 Byte
 Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
 b1 ~ b4  Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)
 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).
Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
2 R S O H B3
Path BIP-8
3 C2
Path Signal Label
4 A U–P T R Path Status
G1
5 Path User Channel
F2
6 TU Multiframe Indication
7 M S O H H4
Path User Channel
F3
8 AP Switching
9 K3 Network Operator
N1
Higher Order Path Overhead
J1 Byte
 Path trace byte
Detect J1
 The first byte of VC-4
 User-programmable (HUAWEI
SBS)
N Y
Match
 The received J1 should match the
expected J1
Next
HP-TIM process
B3 Byte
 Path bit parity
 Even parity code
Verify B3
 Used to detect bit errors
 Mechanism is same as B1 and B2
N Y
Correct
HP-BBE Next
process
C2 Byte
Detect C2
 Signal label byte
 The received C2 should mat
ch with the expected C2 N Y
00H
 Specifies the mapping type
Y N
in the VC-n Match HP-UNEQ
 00 H  Unequipped
 02 H  TUG structure Next HP-SLM
process
 13 H  ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward
Path Overheads
 V5 Low Order Path Overhead
 Indicated by TU-PTR
1 4
 Error checking, Signal Label 1 V5 J2 N2 K4
and Path Status of VC-12

 b1 - b2  Error Performance M
VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
onitoring (BIP-2)
 b3  Return Error detected in
VC-12 (LP-REI)
 b8  Return alarm detected in
9
VC-12 (LP-RDI)
500μs VC-12 multi-frame
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer Unit Pointer AU-PTR VC-4  J1
(AU-PTR) (TU-PTR) TU-PTR VC-3  J1
VC-12 V5
AU-PTR
1
Negative Positive
RSOH
justification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 125μs
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500μs
1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS
H3
VC- VC- VC- VC-
VC3
12 12 12 12
V V V V
1 TU2POINTERS 3 4
Questions
 Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?

 What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
 Which byte implements the RS (MS/HP) error monitoring?
Summary
 SDH Overview
 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
 Overheads & Pointers
Thank you
www.huawei.com

SDH Principle-20080528-A

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SDH Principle

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

 Why did SDH emerge?

140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

 Weak OAM function  Fast circuit provision

PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

 Complex mechanism of pointer justification

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

1. One frame lasts for 125

1. RSOH monitors the regenerator

 Some terms and definitions:

Rate Add Add Next

 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

2. Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

3. Overheads & Pointers

Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

D10 dependent bytes (Radio-link,

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Finding frame head

Digital telephone channel

B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = B Calculate B’ 1#STM-N

Used for network multiplexing

and Path Status of VC-12

 Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?

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