By : ADZLINA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ

So, what do you think ?

What is Part of Speech ?
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

ABSTRACT NOUN: A NOUN DENOTING AN COMMON NOUN: A NOUN DENOTING A

IDEA, QUALITY OR STATE RATHER THAN A CLASS OF OBJECTS OR A CONCEPT AS
CONCRETE OBJECT OPPOSED TO A PARTICULAR INDIVIDUAL

GERUND: A FORM THAT IS DERIVED PROPER NOUN: A NAME USED FOR

FROM A VERB BUT FUNCTION AS A
NOUN AN INDIVIDUAL, PLACE OR

NOUN, IN ENGLISH ENDING WITH ORGANIZATION, SPELLED WITH

-ING INITIAL CAPITAL LETTERS

COMPOUND NOUN: A NOUN THAT MADE

UP OF TWO OR MORE WORDS. THE FIRST COLLECTIVE NOUN: A NOUN THAT

WORD IS EITHER MODIFIED BY A NOUN OR DENOTES A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS,

AN ADJECTIVE. ANIMALS OR THINGS

 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 ABSTRACT
Emotion Idea Thought Do not play with one’s emotion. I have an idea!
I have a bad thought about the game.

2 COMMON
Apple Bread School I ate an apple. She likes bread.
They hate to go to the school.

3 PROPER
Jack Sparrow London Zoo The main character in the movie is Jack Sparrow.
Thursday London Zoo is closed by the authority.
I have an interview on this Thursday.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

4 COLLECTIVE A flock of sheep

A bunch of grapes A herd of
cows
A pack of wolves
A litter of kittens
He is in charge of a flock of sheep. They ate that bunch
of grapes.
I can see a herd of cows from here. They were hunted
by a pack of wolves. She left me a litter of kittens.

5 COMPOUND
Playground Blackboard My parents brought me to the playground yesterday.
Homework The teacher writes something on the blackboard.
I haven’t done my English homework.

6 GERUND The planning is remarkable!

Planning Jogging Stalking
The jogging makes me feel healthier.
The secret agent still goes with the stalking.

DONE
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN: DONE TO
EACH OF THE OTHERS
INDEFINITE PRONOUN: PRONOUN THAT
IS NOT REFERRING TO ANY PERSON,
AMOUNT OR THING IN PARTICULAR
RELATIVE PRONOUN:
PRONOUN REFERS TO THE ONE
YOU MEAN
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
SHOWING PRONOUN PERSONAL PRONOUN: PRONOUN THAT
SHOWS CONTRASTS OF PERSON, GENDER,
NUMBER AND CASE
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN: PRONOUN
PRONOUN THAT SHOWS OWNERSHIP
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
PRONOUN USED TO ASK
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN: PRONOUN
QUESTION THAT
REFER TO SUBJECT
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 RECIPROCAL
Each other One another We love each other. They trust one another.

2 DEMONSTRATIVE
This These That Those This is my house. These are my books. That is my
opinion.
Those are my relatives.

3 PERSONAL I
I have a meeting right now. You are my best
You
friend.
We They He She It
We stay here for the night. They are looking for
me.
He is a handsome man. She is awesome!
It is your responsibility.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

4 POSSESSIVE My, Your, Our, Their, His, Her,

Its My father works as a salesperson. Your mother is
a good cook.
Our neighbourhood is a safe place.
Their house was damaged in the storm. His
brother is a criminal.
Her father is very fierce. Its tail is short.

5 REFLEXIVE Myself, Yourself, Ourselves, I can do it myself.

Themselves, Himself, Herself,
Itself
Please take the meal yourself. We can go there
by ourselves.
They build the minaret themselves. He injured
himself.
She made the cake herself. It fell by itself.

6 INTERROGATIVE Who, When, Where, Which,

Who is the owner of this restaurant? When are
Whose, Whom
you coming?
Where are you heading to? Which one is your
car?
Whose handbag is this?
To whom should I give this wallet?
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

7 RELATIVE Who, When, Where, Which, This is the man who hired me yesterday.
Whose, Whom
It feels weird when you bump into your ex-wife.
Kota Bharu is the place where we are going.
Padini is the shop which I went with my brother
yesterday.

8 INDEFINITE Somebody need to make that important decision.

Somebody Anybody Anything
Flying fox activity can be done by anybody.
None
Anything can happen in politics.
It is none of my business.
Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE
1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
2 ADJECTIVE PHRASE
3 COMPARATIVE/COMPARISON OF
ADJECTIVE
4 SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE
5 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE
WORD EXAMPLE
Wearing…Baseball cap
Adjective Phrase Order:
Determiner, Physical
Appearance, Size, Shape,
Age, Colour, Origin, Material,
Qualifier
Young…Handsome
Cleaner Dirtier
Cleanest Dirtiest The best
1. Bad-Worse-Worst
2. Much-More-Most
3. Little-Less-Least
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
SENTENCE
Wearing baseball cap?
Young handsome man.
My house is cleaner than yours.
The restaurant is dirtier than that one.
The class is the cleanest. My car is the
dirtiest.
I want to be the best teacher in the world.
1. She is a bad girl.
But, Hawa is worse than her. Aziz is the
worst.
• I hate him so much. I hate him more.
I hate him the most.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

4. Good-Better-Best
3.Let’s have a little rest. I have less rest.
I have the least rest among my friends.
3.I feel good. I feel better.
This is the best feeling that I ever had.

6 ADJECTIVE THAT DESCRIBES A My car looks clean.

NOUN Clean Dirty Intelligent
That is a very dirty plate. He is an
intelligent boy.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

TELL WHY- PURPOSE TELL HOW OFTEN-FREQUENCY

MODIFY A VERB, ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB

TELL WHEN-TIME
ADVERB TELL HOW IT IS DONE- MANNER

TELL TO WHAT DEGREE/LEVEL

TELL WHERE-PLACE
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 TELL WHY- PURPOSE We need to avoid overslept.

To avoid To get
To remember Sylvia needs to get an A for her Literature paper.
It is hard to remember important dates.

2 TELL HOW
Often Never Always We often forget to call our parents. You should
OFTENFREQUENCY
Sometimes never reveal your identity! We must always smile.
Life is unpredictable, sometimes.

3 TELL HOW IT IS DONE-

Hardly Carefully Quickly She tries to settle her problems hardly. Please
MANNER
Beautifully handle the package carefully. He quickly rode his
bike.
He build the yatch model beautifully.
4 TELL TO WHAT
DEGREE/LEVEL Bare Scarce Almost Near He picked up the rubbish with his bare hands.
Quite Just They ate the scarce food.
Goats will eat almost anything.
The plant was near dead when I got it. I am quite
capable of doing it myself. it is just a figure of
speech
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

5 TELL WHERE-PLACE I am here to help you.

Here There
Go to your room and stay there.
Everywhere
Outside Upstairs This new book is awaited by fans everywhere.
The house looks nice from the outside.
My father is upstairs.

6 TELL WHEN-TIME
Afterwards Before Afterwards, he got his promotion. He left just
Yet Still before sunrise.
I have not read the book yet.
I am still waiting for your book submission.
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 SINGULAR- GENERAL A
I took a picture at the beach. She was a very
(COUNTABLE)
INDEFINITE gorgeous girl.
He buys a book from the bookstore.
2 An
Aiman works as an engineer. I want to be an
entrepreneur. She was an actress.

3 SINGULAR/PLURAL- The
That man is the culprit for this damage. The baby
SPECIFIC(COUNTABLE)
cries day and night.
SPECIFIC (UNCOUNTABLE)
I am not going to be the bridesmaid for the
DEFINITE wedding.
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 MOOD I eat an apple.
Declarative Interrogative
Imperative Do you eat an apple? Eat your apple.

2 AUXILIARY
Is/Are/Was/Were/Am/Has I am eating an apple. I have a meeting later.
Have/Had I had a breakfast just now.

3 SHOW MENTAL/PHYSICAL He is a genius.

ACTION Being-Am/Is/Are Doing-
Eat/Drink Feeling-Love/Hate I eat too many apples. I hate her.
We will talk about that later.
Saying-Speak/Talk

4 TRANSITIVE With object I eat an apple.

5 INTRANSITIVE Without object The bell rings.

6 PARTICIPLE
Present Past I eat my dinner silently. I have eaten my dinner.

7 INFINITIVE To The Prime Minister wants to strengthen bilateral

tie with Thailand.

8 VOICE I drive the Lamborghini.

Active Passive
The Lamborghini is driven by me.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO PREPOSITION AT

LAST, NEXT, FOR PRECISE

THIS, EVERY TIME/OTHER

PREPOSITION
(TIME)

IN
ON
LONGER PERIOD

DAYS DATE OTHER

AFTER SOME TIME

 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 NO PREPOSITION
Last Next This Every Last school holiday, I went to Pulau Langkawi. Next
Monday, I have a camping.
This coming summer is so exciting!
Every weekend, I will go back to my parents’ house.
2 AT For precise time :
I need to go home at seven o’clock. Meet me at the
At seven o’clock At canteen at 12.15 p.m. The church bell rang at
12.15 p.m. At midnight midnight.

Other :
She does not want to see me at the moment. We
At the moment At the
arrived home at the same time.
same time

3 IN Longer Period:
The course will be held in January. I arrived at
In January In 2018
Singapore in 2018.
In 21st century
We are living in the 21st century.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

After Some Time: I met the principal in the morning.

In the morning In the We have Physics class in the afternoon. We play
afternoon In the evening football in the evening.

Other: See me in five minutes!

In 5 minutes In four weeks The form will be processed in four weeks.

4 ON Date:
The marathon will be held on 31st December. We got
On 31st December On 12
married on 12 August.
August
Days: Our Family Day is held on Saturday.
On Saturday On Hari I cannot wait to see you on Hari Raya.
Raya
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

Preposition Of Preposition Of
Manner: Location/Position:

With/In In/On/At/By/Near/Beside/Behin
d/Between/Under/Next To/Over

PREPOSITION
(OTHERS)
Preposition Of Direction:
Preposition Of
Similarity: From/Along/Past/Though/Into/
Out Of/Down/Up/Towards
As…as

NO. ATTRIBUTE
1 PREPOSITION OF MANNER
2 PREPOSITION OF
LOCATION/POSITION
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE
Please stay with me!
With In
She puts five dollars in my pocket.
In On At By Near The school is located in the village area. I put the
Beside bag on the table just now. “Meet me at the library”
Behind Between Under Next We walked by the sea shore. My house is near
to Over the post office.
The police station is beside the mall.
He put the note behind me.
I stand between the two tall guys.
I never put my money under the pillow. Mira parks
her car next to mine.
The airplane flies over my head.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

3 PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION
From Along Past Through Into I get this form from the counter. I drove along
Out Of Jalan kasturi.
I went past the KWSP building. I walk through the
crowd.
Amran went into the office confidently. Get out of
here!
Please put the gun down!
Down Up Towards
The hot balloon go up to the sky. He walks
towards me.

4 PREPOSITION OF SIMILARITY As…..as…….

The item is as good as new. He runs as fast as
lightning.
Tche Adz – Grammar notes
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 ADVICE Should/Should Not
You should go to the doctor. You should not
skip school.

2 Can
ABILITY REQUEST I can finally answer the question! Can you give me
PROBABILITY five dollars?
It can be the greatest event of the year.
3 WEAK PROBABILITY Might It might rain in the evening.

4 May May I ask you a question?

POLITE REQUEST
May be I can give you my permission?
PROBABILITY
5 PROHIBITION Must Not You must not smoke in this restaurant.

6 DEDUCTION Must She must be the murderer

PERSONAL OBLIGATION

7 Could
REQUEST ABILITY Could you please pass me the salt? He could
surpass me.
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

ARTICLE

NUMERAL

DEMONSTRATIVE

QUANTIFIERS
DETERMINER

INTERROGATIVE
POSSESSIVE

ORDINAL
 Tche Adz – Grammar notes

NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD EXAMPLE SENTENCE

1 ARTICLE A/An/The She is a widow.
I stepped on an ant.
We stopped by the river.
2 DEMONSTRATIVE This/These That/Those This is my favourite food.
These are very delicious doughnuts. That man is
watching me.
Those people are homeless.
3 INTERROGATIVE Whose Which What Whose bag is that? Which one is your house?
How Many How Much What can I do to help you?
How many people are going to the seminar? How
much should I pay you?

4 ORDINAL First Second Last I won the first prize.

She was ranked as the second in the list. I was
the last person leaving the class.
5 POSSESSIVE My Your His That is my boyfriend. Can I borrow your car? That
is his shirt.

6 QUANTIFIER Some Many More A Few Third Give me some money, please? She has many
earrings.
Give me more sauce, please? I need a few of
paper clips.
She is my third wife.
7 NUMERAL One Two Three Please turn to page one.
Give me two kilograms of chili, please? Three
robbers ran away with RM2.6 billion.
• After • Once
• Rather than
•
Although As • Since
•
As if • So that
•
As long as As • Than
•
much as As • That
•
soon as As • In order that
•
though Because • Unless
•
Before • Until
•
Even if Even • When
•
though • Whenever
•
If • Where
•
Though • Wherever
•
• while
NO. ATTRIBUTE WORD SENTENCE
EXAMPLE

1 SUBORDINATING Let’s go to the mall after lunch.

CONJUNCTION After Although As
As if He still trust me although I lied to him. She walked away as I

As long as As arrived.
You look as if you were a beggar.
much as As soon
I will support you as long as I can.
as As though
Because Before I love you as much as you love me. I will be there as soon as

Even if possible.
Amran seems as though he wants to leave.
Even though If
She ran because she was afraid.
Though Once
I already knew her before we got married. Mena still smiles
Rather than Since
even if she lose.
So that Than That
Ray still runs even though his foot injured. If you do not like
In order
me, you can leave!
Unless Until When
Though it was raining, we went hiking. She did not once
Whenever Where
thank me.
I prefer durian rather than rambutan. He had two jobs since
he graduated.
I struggle so that I can have a better future. It is easier said
than done.
He told me that I need to work hard.
I studied hard in order to pass my exam.
I can’t help you unless you tell me the truth. At least wait until
the doctor sees her.

You had been there when I needed you. Please see me

whenever you’re free.
Taj Mahal is the place where we will go.
 Wherever While Remember your family wherever you go. Chen called while you
were out.
2 COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION For And The Prime Minister acted for the best. My friend and I went for
Neither…Nor picnic.
But Neither May nor did I fit for the task.
Or Yet So I wanted to join but I’ve to help my mother. You should do your
job or you can quit!
I’ve allergies to cats, yet I’ve three of them. I am a vegetarian, so
I don’t eat meat.
TENSES
 PCT – was/were 1. Simple Past Tense (SPT) – Function:
+ [Verb+ing] Describes about the thing/action that
HAPPENED in the past Structure:
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(PPcT) - Function:
S + [Verb + (ed/Irregular Verb)]
Describes about the thing/action that
ALREADY COMPLETED AND Example:
ONGOING in the past Jalil walked through the corridor. [S +V+ed]
Structure: Amy went to Johor Premium Outlet. [S + V
S + Had + Been + (Verb + ing) + Irregular Verb]

Example: 2. Past Continuous Tense

Jalil had been walking through the (PCT) - Function:

corridor. [S + Had + Been + (Verb +
Describes about the thing/action that WAS
ing)]
Amy had been going to Johor HAPPENING in the past Structure:
Premium Outlet. [S + Had + Been + S+ Was/were + [Verb+ing]
(Verb + ing)]
Example:

Jalil was walking through the corridor. [S+

Was + (Verb+ing)]
Amy and her friends were going to Johor
Premium Outlet. [S+ Were + (Verb+ing)]
3. Past Perfect Tense (PPcT) -
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that
COMPLETED in the past Structure:
S + Had + [Verb+ ed/Irregular Verb]
Example:
Jalil had walked through the corridor. [S +
Had + (V +ed)]
Amy and her friends had went to Johor
Premium Outlet. [S + Had +Irregular Verb]

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(PPcT) - Function:
Describes about the thing/action that
ALREADY COMPLETED AND
ONGOING at the time it is spoken
Structure:
S + Has/Have + Been + (Verb + ing)
Example:
Jalil has been walking alone. [S + Has
+ Been + (Verb + ing)]
Amy and her friends have been going to
Johor Premium Outlet. [S + Have + Been
+ (Verb + ing)]
1. Simple Present Tense (SPrT) –
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that
happens at the time it is spoken
Structure:
S + (Verb + s/es/ies)Ⓢ/Ⓟ
Example:
Jalil walks alone. [S + (Verb + s)]
Amy cries. [S + (Verb + ies)]
2 Present Continuous Tense (PrCT) -
.
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that is
HAPPENING at the time it is spoken
Structure:
S+ Was/were + [Verb+ing]
Example:
Jalil was walking through the corridor. [S+
Was + (Verb+ing)]
Amy and her friends were going to Johor
Premium Outlet. [S+ Were + (Verb+ing)]
3. Present Perfect Tense
(PrPcT) -
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that
ALREADY COMPLETED at the time it is
spoken
Structure:
S + Has/Have + [Verb+ ed/Irregular Verb]
Example:
Amy and her friends has went to Johor
Premium Outlet. [S + Had +Irregular Verb]

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(FPcT) -
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that is
COMPLETED AND ONGOING in the
future
Structure:
S + Will/Shall + Have + [Verb+ ing]
Example:
Amy and her friends will have been going
to Johor Premium Outlet. S + Will/Shall +
Have + (Verb+ ing)]
**‘Will’ should be used with second
and third person pronouns (you, he,
she, it, they).
1.Simple Future Tense (SFT) –
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that WILL
HAPPEN in the future Structure:
S + Will/Shall + Root Word (Kata Asal)
Example:
Jalil will/shall walk to school. [S + Will/Shall +
Verb + RW]
•Future Continuous Tense (FCT) -
Function:
Describes about the thing/action that is
HAPPENING in the future Structure:
S + Will/Shall + Be + (Verb + ing)
Example:
Jalil will/shall be walking alone.
[S + Will/Shall + Be + (Verb + ing)]
1.Future Perfect Tense (FPcT) - Function:
Describes about the thing/action that is
COMPLETED in the future Structure:
S + Will/Shall + Have + [Verb+ ed/Irregular
Verb]
Example:
Amy will/shall have went to Johor Premium
Outlet
[S + Will/Shall + Have + (Verb+ ed/Irregular
Verb)]
**‘Shall’ should be used with first person
pronouns (I,we) / when asking question.