The Nervous System

In the Beginning ….

• Germinal layers:
Skin and Brain
– Ectoderm
Connective Tissues
– Mesoderm
– Endoderm Inner Tubes

• Neural Ectoderm
– The Neural Plate
• Neural Tube and Neural Crest
Neural Plate (~day 16)
Neural Groove and Folds
Neural Crests
Sinking into the Mesoderm
Neurulation!

Neural Crest
The Neural Tube Development

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

Spinal Portion
The Neural Tube Development

Telencephalon - Lateral Ventricles

Diencephalon - Third Ventricle

Mesencephalon - Cerebral Aqueduct
Metencephalon - Fourth Ventricle

Mylencephalon - Fourth Ventricle

and Central Canal
Spinal Portion - Central Canal
 The Neural Axis
Superior
Dorsal

A P
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Ventral Inferior Dorsal

Caudal
 Lateral Lobes
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
• Limbic
• Insular
Brain, Brainstem, Cerebellum,
and Spinal Cord
 Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
• Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
– Cerebral Hemispheres
– Deep Cerebral Nuclei
– Diencephalon
• Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
– Pons (Metencephalon)
– Medulla (Myelencephalon)
– Cerebellum
 Cerebrum

Sulci Central Sulcus

Gyrus
Third Ventricle Parietal Lobe
Lateral Ventricle Corpus Callosum
Choroid Plexus
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Inter mediate Mass Thalamus
of the Thalamus Pineal Gland
Mid Brain
Hypothalamus Mid Brain
Optic Chiasma
Pituitary Gland
Cerebellum
Temporal Lobe Fourth Ventricle
Pons
Choroid Plexus
Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
 Cerebral Hemispheres
• Cerebral Cortex
– Grey Matter
– White matter
– Corpus Callosum
• Deep Cerebral
Nuclei
– Caudate
– Putamen
– Globus Pallidus
– Claustrum
– Internal Capsule
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Principle Brain Arteries
 Key Blood Vessels That Supply
Blood To The Brain:
• Vertebral Arteries --------- transfer oxygen-
ated blood from the subclavian arteries,
up through the transverse foraminae of
the cervical vertebrae and to the basilar
artery of the brain.
• Basilar Artery -------------- transfers
oxygenated blood from the vertebral
arteries to the circle of Willis of the
brain.
 Brain Blood Vessels Continued
• Internal Carotid Arteries -- transfer oxygen-
ated blood from the common carotid
arteries of the neck to the circle of
Willis.
• Circle of Willis ------------- transfers
oxygenated blood from incoming
arteries to deep internal arteries of the
brain.
 The Blood Brain Barrier
• A special arrangement of capillaries
surrounded by connective tissue and
processes of special brain glial cells called
astrocytes.
• This type of structural organization
selectively determines which substances can
move from the blood plasma to the
extracellular fluid (ECF) of the brain.