Lecture 2:

AIRSIDE
PART 1 By: Zuliana Ismail
Learning Outcome

• Student is able to:

• Describe runway types and identifications.
• Describe taxiway types and how to identify.
• Explain airport signs, airport lightings
• Describe about weather facilities.
• Explain main navigational aids system.

2
Definition

AIRSIDE is an area on the airport surface

intended to be used for Aircraft
Operations.

AIRSIDE SERVICES
• Facilities associated with the movement of
the airplanes on the airports surface.
 Airside Facilities

RUNWAY
NAVIGATIONA
L AIDS
AIRSIDE TAXIWA
FACILITIES Y
WEATHER
DETECTOR
APRON
AIRSIDE
SIGNAGE
Runway
1. Runways

A defined rectangular area on a

land aerodrome prepared for the
landing and take-off of aircraft.
6
Runway Markings

Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Precision Runway (P)

Non-Precision Runway (NP)

Runway Markings

Having an instrument
Intended solely Having an
approach procedure
for aircraft instrument
using a precision
approach
operation using instrument landing
procedure using
visual approach system, ILS or
air navigation
procedure precision approach
facility with only
radar (PAR) which
horizontal
provides both
guidance
horizontal and vertical
guidance to the
runway
Precision Runway (P)

Aiming
point

Touchdown
zone

Designators

Threshold
Runway Markings
• Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of
the runway that is available for landing.
• Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading
• Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment
guidance during takeoff and landings.
• Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual
aiming point for a landing aircraft.
• Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the
touchdown zone for landing operations

10
RWY Designators

• Identified by a two digit number according to their

magnetic heading.
• The angle is measured from magnetic north and is
divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer.
• Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is
marked as RWY 34.
• Each runway can be used in either direction, and
hence has two numbers, each 18 apart.
• Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as
RWY 16
11
RWY Designators

• Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in

radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is
pronounced as Three Six.
• For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are
added to distinguish btw the RWS.
• For multiple runways each runway is identified by
Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).
• Example: 26L and 26R.
What is the airport with the
most number of runways all
over the world?
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport
 1. Runway 17L/35R
2. Runway 17C/35C
3. Runway 17R/35L
4. Runway 18L/36R
5. Runway 18R/36L
6. Runway 13L/31R
7. Runway 13R/31L

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways

 O’Hare International Airport –
Chicago, Illinois, United States
 Munich Airport:
Two Parallel Runways
Runways Length
• Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft
to operate and the weather conditions.
• The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway
(take-off and landing distances)
• The hotter the weather the longer the runway
• **The longest public-use runway in the world is at Qamdo
Bangda Airport in China. It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045
ft).
• **The world’s widest paved runway is at Ulyanovsk
Vostochny Airport in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide.
19
Runways Length

• For aircraft weights below approximately

90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m
• Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and
787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and
A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11;
and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require
runway length at least 2,438 m.

20
Runway Lighting Summary
Importance of Lighting

Lighting systems are important for Lighting systems from the cockpit
a/c landing during night time. window during bad weather.
Poor visibility is mainly due to
heavy snowfall
Runway Lighting
Lighting systems from the cockpit window

Runway Center line

Runway Edge Light System :
Lighting: •White
•White •Alternate white and
•Turn Yellow in red in last 610 m
last 610m •Red in last 310m

Why the lighting colour change? 23

Runway Pavements

• The surface sections of roads and runways are

known as “pavements”.

• To serve its purpose, a pavement must have

adequate load-carrying capability, good ride
ability and must allow safe operation of
aircraft.
Concrete Pavement
• Concrete surfaces from 23 to
40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick.
• Can remain useful for 20 to 40
years.
• Commonly used at large
airports.
• It is constructed by aligning a
series of concrete slabs
connected by joins,
Asphalt Pavement
• Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to
10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick.
• Can remain useful between
15 to 20 years.
• Commonly used at most
smaller airports.
• Pavements are less expensive
to construct.
Taxiway
26
 2. Taxiway

• Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi)

between the runway and apron,
runway and runway & apron and
apron. 27
Taxiway
• Generally, width smaller than runway
• Lightings for night flying
• Can be one or multiple in bigger airport.
• Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe
surface movement of aircraft.
• Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway
should be provided to make the movement of
airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to
provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic
volumes are high. 28
Taxiway Types

29
Taxiway Types
There are four types of taxiways:
• Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway
• Entrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway &
located near the departure end of runways.
• High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up
the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at
various points along the runway to allow landing
aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing.
• By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft
by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area.
30
High-speed taxiways
• Also known as Rapid Exit runway.
• To provide exit paths from runway for arriving
aircraft.
• The intersection angle less than 90deg.

31
Taxiway Identification

Taxiways can be identified through:

• Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no
azimuth)
• Taxiway signs (have location sign)
• Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color,
edge light in blue color)
• Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller
than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)

32
Taxiway Lighting

Taxiway
centre line:
green
Taxiway edge
lights: blue
Taxiway Lighting

• Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting

to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the
airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions.
• Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights,
taxiway centerlines lights.
Taxiway Markings
• Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line .
• All taxiways should have centerline markings.
• Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to
guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or
other objects

Taxiway
Centerline
Taxiway Markings
Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming
the designation of the taxiway (location or
direction)

Surface Painted Signs

37
RWY/TWY Markings
What The Importance of RWY/TWY
Markings?
• To provide information that is useful to a pilot during
takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
• To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport
markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.
APRON
40
3. APRON

• An area to accommodate aircraft for

purposes of parking , loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, or
41
maintenance.
3. Apron

• Also known as RAMP

• Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled
by the airport.
• The bigger the airport handling capacity the
bigger the apron
• Provide FBO services
• Fitted with underground refueling system
• Fitted with water supply system
• Fitted with sewer disposal system 42
 Fixed Base Operators (FBO)
• The FAA defines an FBO as A commercial
business granted the right by the airport
sponsor to operate on an airport and provide
aeronautical services such as fueling,
hangaring, tie-down and parking, aircraft
rental, aircraft maintenance & flight
instruction, etc
KLAS: KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd

• KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd or better known as KLAS is independent ground handler that
provides a comprehensive range of services to various commercial airlines operating into
and through Malaysian Airports..
KLAS: KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd

• KLAS offers the highest standards of quality &

efficiency for the following services:

1.Ground Handling: Passenger and baggage

handling, Aircraft handling, Flight operations
2.Cargo Handling : Import, Export
3.In-Flight Catering Service: Provide foods
4.Aircraft Maintenance & Engineering Service:
Aircraft check