Sub :- Operating System

Sub Code :- 14B11CI511

 Operating System Structure
The size of OS is very large and it is not very wise to
keep the full os in the memory all the time. Efficiency and
robustness not achieved.
For this, the OS is divided in to two parts:
1. One containing very essential routines
which are required all the times.
2. Other consists of routines which are
required sometimes but not always.
The first part which is vital is called the kernel of the OS.
The innermosty layer of the OS which is close to the
hardware, and controlling the actual hardware.
Is LINUX A Kernel Or An Operating System?
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 Operating System Structure(cont...)
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Depending upon the size and functionality included in
the kernel and the organization of different components
within the OS, these are the following approaches for
designing the operating system:
l Monolithic(Simple) Operating system
l Layered Operating System
l Microkernel Operating System
l Modules
 Monolithic OS
It is the oldest architecture used for developing operating system.
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Operating system resides on kernel for anyone to execute.

Functionality of the OS is invoked with simple function calls within the

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kernel, which is one large program.

Device drivers are loaded into the running kernel and become part of the
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kernel.

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System call is involved i.e.  Switching from user mode to kernel mode and
transfer control to operating system

Good performance as there were very few interfaces b/w the H/w and the Appl.
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Programs.

Difficult to implement and maintain due to its large size, which means bug fixing
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or addition of new features resulted in recompilation of the whole kernel.

Examples CP/M and MS-DOS

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 Layered Operating System
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Modules of operating system divided into layers stacked one above the other,
forming a hierarchical structure.

The lowest layer(layer 0) interacts with the h/w and the topmost layer
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provides an interface to the application programs.

Main advantage is its simplicity of construction and debugging.

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Each layer is implemented by thethe lower-level layers, communication

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happens only between adjacent layers services provided by.

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MULTICS is a prominent example of a layered operating system, designed
with eight layers. The Microsoft Windows NT Operating System is also an
layered OS.

Difficulty
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- To decide the layers.
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Less efficient as the operation will pass through different
layers
A Layered Operating System
 Micro Kernel Operating System
This structures the operating system by removing all nonessential portions of
the kernel and implementing them as system and user level programs.

Generally they provide minimal process and memory management, and a

communications facility.

Communication between components of the OS is provided by message

passing.

The benefits of the microkernel are as follows:

Extending the operating system becomes much easier.
Any changes to the kernel tend to be fewer, since the kernel is smaller.
The microkernel also provides more security and reliability.

Main disadvantage is poor performance due to increased system overhead from

message passing.
 Modules
Modern OS development is object-oriented, with a relatively small
core kernel and a set of modules which can be linked in
dynamically.

Modules are similar to layers in that each subsystem has clearly

defined tasks and interfaces, but any module is free to contact any
other module, eliminating the problems of going through multiple
intermediary layers, as well as the chicken-and-egg problems.

The kernel is relatively small in this architecture, similar to

microkernel, but the kernel does not have to implement message
passing since modules are free to contact each other directly.
Solaris Modular Approach
 Hybrid Systems
Most OSes today do not strictly adhere to one architecture, but are hybrids of several.

Mac OS X

The Max OSX architecture relies on the Mach microkernel for basic system management
services, and the BSD kernel for additional services. Application services and dynamically
loadable modules ( kernel extensions ) provide the rest of the OS functionality:
 Android
The Android OS was developed for Android smart phones and tablets by the Open
Handset Alliance, primarily Google.

Android is an open-source OS, as opposed to iOS, which has lead to its popularity.

Android includes versions of Linux and a Java virtual machine both optimized for small
platforms.
Android apps are developed using a special Java-for-Android development environment.
 Virtual Machine
Virtual machine is an illusion of a real machine. It is created by a real machine
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operating system, which make a single real machine appears to be several real
machine.
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Virtualization is an abstraction layer that decouples the physical hardware from
the operating system to deliver greater IT resource utilization and flexibility.
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It allows multiple virtual machines, with heterogeneous operating systems to run
in isolation, side-by-side on the same physical machine.

Each virtual machine has its own set of virtual hardware (e.g., RAM, CPU, NIC,
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etc.) upon which an operating system and applications are loaded.

The operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes, each executing
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on its own processor with its own (virtual) memory.

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First appeared in IBM mainframes in 1972
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Allowed multiple users to share a batch-oriented
system
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VMware – Modern Virtual Machine System.
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Founded 1998, Mendel Rosenblum et al.
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Advantages of Virtual Machines

1. Able to share the same hardware yet run several different
execution environments (that is, different operating systems)
concurrently.
2. The host system is protected from the virtual machines,
just as the virtual machines are protected from each other.
Architecture of VM