Lec 1 - ds1 - pp01

Digital
Fundamentals
11th Global Edition
Floyd
Chapters 1-2
© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 1

Topics
• Analogue and digital systems
• Binary levels and waveforms
• Logic functions
• Other logic circuits and applications
• Number Systems

1-1 Analogue and Digital Systems
Analogue Quantities
Most natural quantities are analogue and vary continuously
in time and value.

Digital Quantities
After sampling at certain time instants, an analogue signal

is converted into a time-discretized signal.

Quantization
After sampling, the value at each time instant is still

continuous in a range. That value can not be stored on a
computer.
Each value will be assigned to one of a set of discretized
numbers.

Digital Signals and Digital Systems
A digital signal is a time-discretized and value-discretized
version of an analogue signal.
It has a staircase waveform.
Digital signals more resistant to interference.
Each value can be represented by a binary number, i.e., a
binary string in time domain. Hence, an analogue signal can
be converted into a binary string (digital signal).
A digital system is a circuit to handle binary signals.

Digital Signals and Digital Systems
With the advancement of IC technology and the reduced
costs of IC circuits, many instruments have been made
into digital form to handle binary inputs.

Analogue Systems

Mixed Systems
Many systems use a mix of analogue and digital electronics

to take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analogue signal for amplification.
CD drive
10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Mixed Systems
Recording system on computers (AD conversion)

Audio play system on computers (DA conversion)
Digital TV (AD conversion, transmission, DA conversion)

1-2 Binary Levels and Waveforms
Binary Digits and Logic Levels
Digital systems use circuits that have two states, which are
represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary system, a single HIGH
number is called a bit (for VH(min)
binary digit). A bit can have the Invalid

VL(max)
value of either 0 or 1,
depending on whether the LOW
VL(min)
voltage is LOW or HIGH.

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from LOW to
HIGH and then back again. Digital waveforms are made up
of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by rise time, fall
time, amplitude, and other parameters.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Pulse Definitions (Figure 1-6)

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW), period (T)
and duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)
Time
Period, T

Waveforms
Figure 1.8 Examples of digital waveforms.

Waveforms
Figure 1.9 Examples of digital waveforms with rectangular
pulses.

Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the
rate of repeation and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f
The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
Example: What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
Solution: 1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Periodic Pulse Waveforms
Example: What is the duty cycle of the following waveform?
Solution:
1
D  0.1  10%
10

Waveforms
Figure 1.10 Example of a clock waveform synchronized
with a waveform representation of a sequence of bits.

Timing Diagram
A timing diagram is the time-aligned relationship between
two or more digital waveforms.
A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic

analyzer.
Serial and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer format.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
Computer Modem
1
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1

1-3 Logic Functions
Basic Logic Functions
High only if all inputs are high.
Low only if all inputs are low.
Indicates the opposite condition.

1-3 Logic Functions
Basic Logic Functions
NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR can be implemented as

functions of the three basic functions.

1-4 Basic System Functions
Comparator/adder
And, or, and not elements can be combined to form
various logic functions. A few examples are:
The comparison function A

Comparator
A> B
Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B
Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Σ Sum
Two
binary
numbers
Cout Carry out
B
Carry in Cin

Coder/encoder
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
The encoding function

4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
The decoding function

Decoder
Binary input
7-segment display

Multiplexer/demultiplexer
The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆t1 ∆t2 ∆t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t 2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Counter
The counting function
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.
…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

Register
One type of storage function is the shift register,
that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.
First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.
Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.
Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.
Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

1-5-6 Types of Logic Devices
Programmable Logic
Programmable logic devices are an alternative to fixed

function devices. The logic can be programmed for a
specific purpose. In general, they cost less and use less
board space than fixed function devices.
The following device uses a combination of a
programmable AND array and a fixed OR array:
Fixed OR
Programmable array and
AND array
output logic

1-5-6 Types of Logic Devices
Fixed Function Logic
A collection of logic gates and/or other electronic

circuits fabricated on a single silicon chip
CMOS: a silicon chip fabrication technology
based on use of complementary pairs of NMOS
and PMOS field effect transistors (MOSFETs).
TTL: a silicon chip fabrication technology based
on bipolar junction transistors.

1-6 Fixed Function Logic
DIP
Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case
Pins
The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

for laboratory experiments with logic.

Testing
An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit

is wired using DIP chips and tested.
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

SOIC
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1
Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

PLCC/LCCC
Other surface mount packages:
End view End view End view
SOIC PLCC LCCC

1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments
Digital Multimeter 0.01 V
O FF V
Hz
The DMM can make three basic m V
electrical measurements.
A Ra n g e
A u t o ra n g e 1 s
To u c h / H o ld 1 s
10 A
V
Voltage
40 m A C O M
Fu se d
Resistance
Current
In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.

Digital Multimeter
Takes an analogue quantity and displays it in digital format.

Digital Clock
To represent the time, most digital clocks use a seven-
segment LED, VFD, or LCD display for each of four digits.

Examples of Digital Systems
Programmable Logic Controller
A digital computer used for automation of industrial
electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery
on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light
fixtures.

Examples of Digital Systems
Microprocessors/Microcontrollers
CPU: adder/subtractor, registers

Control unit: encoder, decoder, multiplexing,
tri-state devices, latches
Clock circuitry: clock drivers
Timer: counters, multiplexer
Memory: encoder, decoder

Chapter 2 Number Systems
Decimal System
A decimal number is expressed as the sum of the products of

each digit times the column value for that digit.
Thus, the number 9240 can be expressed as
(9 x 10 ) + (2 x 10 ) + (4 x 10 ) + (0 x 10 )
3 2 1 0
or
9 x 1,000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 0 x 1
The value “10” is called radix.

Binary System
For digital systems, the binary number system is used. This
system has a radix of two and uses the digits 0 and 1 to
represent quantities.
The weights of binary numbers are powers of two that
increase from right to left beginning with 20 =1:
…25 24 23 22 21 20.
For fractional binary numbers, the weights are negative
powers of two that decrease from left to right:
22 21 20. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 …

Decimal Binary
Number Number
0 0000
Binary Numbers
1 0001
2 0010
A binary counting sequence for numbers
3 0011
from zero to fifteen is shown. 4 0100
Notice the pattern of zeros and ones 5 0101

6 0110
in each column.
7 0111
Digital counters frequently have this 8 1000
same pattern of digits: 9 1001
10 1010
Counter 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Decoder
11 1011
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
12 1100
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
13 1101
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 14 1110
15 1111

Binary to Decimal Conversion
The decimal equivalent of a binary number is determined by
adding the column values of all the bits that are 1 and
discarding that of all the bits that are 0.
Example: Convert the binary number 100101.01 to

decimal.
Solution: Start by writing the column weights; then add
the weights that correspond to each 1 in the number.
25 24 23 22 21 20. 2-1 2-2
32 16 8 4 2 1 . ½ ¼
1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1
32 +4 +1 +¼ = 37¼
Decimal to Binary Conversion
You can convert a decimal whole number to binary by
reversing the procedure. Write the decimal weight of each
column and place 1’s in the positions that sum to the
decimal number.
Example: Convert the decimal number 49 to binary.
Solution: The position weights double in each position to
the right. Write down position weights until the last
number is larger than the one you want to convert.
26 25 24 23 22 21 20.
64 32 16 8 4 2 1.
0 1 1 0 0 0 1.

Decimal to Binary Conversion
You can convert a decimal fraction to binary by repeatedly
multiplying the fractional results of successive
multiplications by 2. The carries form the binary number.
Example: Convert the decimal fraction 0.188 to binary by
repeatedly multiplying the fractional results by 2.
Solution:
MSB
0.188 x 2 = 0.376 carry = 0
0.376 x 2 = 0.752 carry = 0
0.752 x 2 = 1.504 carry = 1
0.504 x 2 = 1.008 carry = 1
0.008 x 2 = 0.016 carry = 0
Binary Addition
The rules for binary addition are
0 + 0 = 0 Sum = 0, carry = 0
0 + 1 = 1 Sum = 1, carry = 0
1 + 0 = 1 Sum = 1, carry = 0
1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1
When an input carry = 1 due to a previous result, the rules
are
1 + 0 + 0 = 01 Sum = 1, carry = 0
1 + 0 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1
1 + 1 + 0 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1
1 + 1 + 1 = 11 Sum = 1, carry = 1

Binary Addition
Example: Add the binary numbers 00111 and 10101 and
show the equivalent decimal addition.
Solution:
00111 7
10101 21
11100 = 28

Binary Subtraction
The rules for binary subtraction are
0-0=0
1-1=0
1-0=1
10 - 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1

Binary Subtraction
Example: Subtract the binary number 00111 from 10101
and show the equivalent decimal subtraction.
Solution:
10101 21
00111 7
01110 = 14

Motivation
Design of digital circuits

Design of products and systems that use them
Development of algorithms and software for digital
systems
Traffic light system
Vending machine
Pre-requisite of 300076 Microprocessor Systems
Pre-requisite of 300044 Microcontrollers and PLCs

Selected Key Terms
Analogue Being continuous or having continuous values.

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set
of discrete values.
Binary Having two values or states; describes a number
system that has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0
as its digits.
Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0.
Pulse A sudden change from one level to another,
followed after a time, called the pulse width, by a
sudden change back to the original level.
Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10th ed

Selected Key Terms
Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic

waveform used to synchronize actions.
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic
operations such as AND or OR.
NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion.
AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs only when all input conditions are
true (HIGH).
OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH)
output occurs when when one or more of the input
conditions are true (HIGH).
Selected Key Terms
Number System A radix-based system to represent quantities

Decimal System Radix-10 system
Binary System Radix-2 system
Conversion Conversion between decimal and binary numbers
Operation Addition and subtraction

Summary
• Digital signal
• Logic levels
• NOT, AND, OR functions
• Basic system function
• Number systems

Lec 1 - ds1 - pp01

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Lec 1 - ds1 - pp01

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Digital

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 1

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 2

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 3

After sampling at certain time instants, an analogue signal

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 4

After sampling, the value at each time instant is still

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 5

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 6

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 7

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 8

Many systems use a mix of analogue and digital electronics

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 9

Recording system on computers (AD conversion)

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 10

binary digit). A bit can have the Invalid

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 11

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 12

Base line Undershoot

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 13

Pulse Definitions (Figure 1-6)

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 14

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 15

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 16

Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeat

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 17

Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Example: What is the duty cycle of the following waveform?

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 18

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 19

A diagram like this can be observed directly on a logic

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 21

High only if all inputs are high.

Low only if all inputs are low.

Indicates the opposite condition.

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 22

NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR can be implemented as

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 23

The comparison function A

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 24

The encoding function

The decoding function

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 25

The data selection function

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 26

…and other functions such as code conversion

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 27

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 28

Programmable logic devices are an alternative to fixed

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 29

A collection of logic gates and/or other electronic

© 2015 Pearson Education. Modified by Q. Cheng. Chapter 1 30