THE SKULL

MADE BY: Dr. TOOBA ZIA UDDIN

The skull
 Skull is the bony framework, that gives the
head its characteristic shape.
 The skull is composed of 22 bones.

• 8 in the cranium.
• 14 in the face.

Function:
protect the soft and the vital tissues of the
head , particularly the brain.
CRANIUM:
The eight bones of cranium are:
1. Frontal
2. Occipital
3. Sphenoid
4. Ethmoid
5. Two parietal bones
6. Two temporal bones
FACE:
 There are 14 bones in the face:
I. Mandible (1)
II. Maxillae (2)
III. Zygomatic bones (2)
IV. Lacrimal bones (2)
V. Nasal bones (2)
VI. Inferior conchae (2)
VII. Palatine bones (2)
VIII. Vomer (1)
Exterior of the Skull
 There are 5 views of skull:
1. Norma Verticalis (from above)
2. Norma Lateralis (from the side)
3. Norma frontalis (from the front)
4. Norma Occipitalis (from behind)
5. Norma Basalis (from below)
ANTERIOR VIEW:
BONY LANDMARKS:
1.Frontal bone:
• Glabella

• Supra orbital notch (foramen)

• Orbital surface

2.Nasal bone:
• Nasion

3.Lacrimal bone
4. Zygomatic bones
• Frontal process

• Orbital surface

• Temporal process

• Zygomaticofacial foramen
BONY LANDMARKS:
5.Maxilla
• Zygomatic process

• Orbital surface

• Infraorbital foramen

• Frontal process

• Alveolar process

• Anterior nasal spine

6. Parietal bone
7.Sphenoidal bone
• Lesser wing

• Greater wing

8. Temporal bone
9. Ethmoidal bone
• Orbital plate

• Perpendicular plate

• Middle nasal concha

BONY LANDMARKS:
10. Inferior nasal concha
11. Vomer
12. Mandible
• Ramus

• Body

• Mental foramen

• Mental tubercle

• Mental protuberance
SUPERIOR VIEW:
BONY LANDMARKS:
• Frontal bone
• Coronal suture
• Bregma
• Parietal bone
• Sagittal suture
• Parietal foramen
• Lambdoid suture
• Occipital bone
• Lambda
POSTERIOR VIEW:
BONY LANDMARKS
Sutural bone
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Squamous part of occipital bone
External occipital protuberance
Occipitomastoid suture
Mastoid notch
Mastoid process
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital crest
Inion
LATERAL VIEW
BONY LANDMARKS
• Sphenosquamous suture
• Sphanoparietal suture
• Squamous suture
• Coronal suture
• Squamous part of temporal bone)
• Pterion
• Parietal bone
• Frontal bone
• Parietomastoid suture
• Greater wing (of sphenoid bone)
• Zygomaticotemporal foramen (on deep surface ofzygomatic
bone)
• Lambdoid suture
• Lacrimal bone
• Nasal bone
BONY LANDMARKS
• Nasal bone
• Asterion
• Zygomaticofacial foramen
• Oocipital bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Occipitomastoid suture
• Maxilla
• Mastoid part of temporal bone
• Mastoid process
• Tympanic part (of temporal bone)
• Alveolar part(of mandible)
• Styloid process
• Condylar process
• Mental foramen
• Angle
• Ramus of mandible
• Body of mandible
• Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
• Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
• Coronoid process
BONY LANDMARKS
• Greater wing(of sphenoid bone)
• Pterygoid process
• Opening of pTerygoid canal
• Lateral plate of pterygoid process
• Scaphoid fossa
• Foramen lacerum
• Articular tubercle
• Mandibular fossa
• Groove for auditory tube
• Foramen ovale
• Foramen spinosum
• Styloid process
• Jugular foramen
• Petrous part of temporal bone
• Carotid canal
BONY LANDMARKS
• Stylomastoid foramen
• Mastoid process
• Squamous part of temporal bone
• Mastoid notch
• Hypoglossal canal
• Basilar part of occipital bone
• Occipital condyle
• Pharyngeal tubercle
• Foramen magnum
• External occipital crest
• Inferior nuchal line
• Superior nuchal line
• External occipital protuberance
 ORBIT
BONY LANDMARKS
• Orbital surface of frontal bone
• Orbital surface of lesser wing of sphenoid bone
• Superior orbital fissure
• Optic canal (foramen)
• Orbital surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone.
• Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
• Zygomaticofacial foramen
• Inferior orbital fissure
• Infraorbital groove
BONY LANDMARKS
• Supraorbital notch
• Posterior and Anterior ethmoidal foramina
• Orbital plate of ethmoidal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Fossa for lacrimal sac
• Orbital process of palatine bone
• Orbital surface of maxilla
• Infra orbital foramen
ORBIT
Orbital Margins :
formed by the frontal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones.
Walls of the Orbit:
1.Superior wall or roof: orbital part of frontal bone and lesser
wing of sphenoid bone.
2.Lateral wall: zygomatic bone (frontal process) and greater
wing of sphenoid bone.
3.Interior wall or floor: maxilla (orbital surface), zygomatic, and
palatine bones.
4.Medial wall: ethmoid (orbital plate), frontal, lacrimal, and
sphenoid (body) bones.
THANK YOU