Performance Evaluation of WiMAX / IEEE 802.

16
OFDM Physical Layer

Mohammad Azizul Hasan

Master’s thesis presentation, 5th June, Espoo

Supervisor: Prof. Riku Jäntti

Instructor: Lic. Tech. Boris Makarevitch HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Communications Laboratory
Agenda

 Introduction

 IEEE 802.16 and Wireless Broandband Access

 IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer

 Simulation Model

 Simulation Results

 Conlusion and Futurework

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Introduction
 Background and Motivation
 Broadband Wireless Access
 Promising solution for last mile access
 High speed internet access in residential as well as small and medium sized enterprise sector

 Advantages of BWA
– Ease of deployment and installation
– Much higher data rates can be supported
– Capacity can be increased by installing more base stations

 Challenges for BWA

– Price
– Performance
– Interoperability issues

 Broadband access is currently dominated by DSL and cable modem technologies

Limitations:
• dsl can reach only three miles from central office switch
• Lack of return channel in older cable network
• Commercial areas are often not covered by cable networks

 IEEE 802.16 is the first industry based standard for BWA

 Objective
Evaluate the effect of various modulation and coding schemes as well as interleving on PHY layer performance
 Methodology
PHY layer simulation is used to investigate the performance

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IEEE 802.16 and Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) (1/5)
• Evolution of IEEE family of standard for BWA

-EEE 802.16 Working group on BWA is responsible for development of the standards
-The standard provides secification for PHY and MAC layer

 IEEE 802.16-2001
-First issue of the family intend to provide fixed BWA access in a point-to-point (PTP) topology.
-Single carrier modulation
-10-66 GHz frequency range
-QPSK, 16-QAM (optional in UL) and 64-QAM (optional) modulation scheme

 IEEE 802.16a
-Added physical layer support for 2-11 GHz
-Non Line of Sight (NLOS) operation becomes possible
-Advanced power management technique and adaptive antenna arrays were included
-OFDM was included as an alternative to single carrier modulation
-BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM (optional)

 IEEE 802.16-2004
-2-11 GHZ frequency range
-256 subcarriers OFDM Technique
-BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
-Fixed and Nomadic access
 IEEE 802.16e
-Scalable OFDMA
-Mobile BWA

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IEEE 802.16 and BWA (2/5)

Scope of standard
 IEEE 802.16 Protocol Stack
CS SAP
Management Entity
 MAC Layer Service-Specific Service Specific CS
Convergence Sublayer
(CS)
 Service specific convergence Sublayer(CS)
MAC SAP
-MAC CS receives higher level data M
-provides transformation and mapping into MAC SDU A MAC Common Part
-ATM CS and packet CS C Sublayer (MAC CPS) Management Entity

MAC CPS
 MAC Common Part Sublayer (CPS) Security Sublayer
Security Sublayer
- System access, bandwidth allocation, connection
management
PHY
-QoS provisioning SAP
P Management Entity
Physical Layer (PHY) PHY
 Privacy Sublayer
H
-Authentication, secure key exchange, encryption
Y
Data /Control Plane Management Plane

 PHY Layer
-Four different physical layer specifications
-SC, SCa, OFDM, OFDMA

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IEEE 802.16 and BWA (3/5)

 Network Architecture and Deployment Topology

 Architecture
 Resembled to cellular networks
 Each cell consists of a BS and one or SSs
more SS
 BS provides connectivity to core network
BS
SSs
Core Network
 Topology
 Point to point (PTP)
BS
 Point to multi point (PTM) SSs
 Mesh

BS

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IEEE 802.16 and BWA (4/5)

 Application
-Supports ATM, IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet and VLAN

 Cellular Backhaul
- hotspots, PTP back haul

 Residential Broadband
-fill the gaps in cable and dsl coverage

 Underserved Areas
-rural areas

 Always Best Connected

- roaming

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IEEE 802.16 and BWA (5/5)

 WiMAX Forum and IEEE 802.16

 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)

 An allince of telecommunication equipment and component manufacturers and service
providers
 Promotes and certify the compatibility and interoperability of BWA products
 Adopted two version of the IEEE 802.16 standard

 Fixed/nomadic access: IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM PHY layer

 Portable/Mobile access: IEEE 802.16e

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IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer (1/4)
 PHY Layer attributes:

 Defines duplexing techniques (TDD, FDD)

 Supports multiple RF bands

 10-66 GHz for LOS
 below 11GHz for NLOS

 Flexible bandwidths
 Up to 134 MHz in 10-66 GHz band
 Up to 20 MHz in < 11GHz band

 Defines multiple PHYs for different Applications

 SC for point-to-point long range application
 OFDM for efficient Point-to-Multi-Point high data rate applications
 OFDMA more optimized for mobility, using sub-channelizationon on Downlink and Uplink

 Specifies Modulation and channel coding schemes

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IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer (2/4)

IEEE 802.16 Airinterface nomenclature and description

Desgnation Band of operation Duplexing Technique Notes

WirelessMAN-SC™ 10-66 GHz TDD, Single Carrier

FDD
WirelessMAN-SCa™ 2-11 GHz TDD, Single Carrier technique for
Licensed band FDD NLOS

WirelessMAN-OFDM™ 2-11 GHz TDD, OFDM for NLOS operation

Licensed band FDD

WirelessMAN-OFDMA™ 2-11 GHz TDD, OFDM Broken into subgroups

Licensed band FDD to provide multiple access in a
single frequency band

WirelessHUMAN™ 2-11 GHz TDD May be SC, OFDM, OFDMA.

Licensed Exempt Band Must include Dynamic
Frequency Selection to
mitigate interfarence

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IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer (3/4)

 WirelessMANTM OFDM PHY Layer

 Flexible Channel Bandwidth

 integer multiple of (1.25 1.5, 1.75, 2 or 2.75) MHz with a maximum of 20 MHz

 Robust Error Control Mechanism

 outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code and inner Convolutional code (CC).
 Turbo Coding (optional)

 Adaptive Modulation and Coding

 8 different scheme

 Adaptive Antenna System

 Transmission of DL and UL burst using
directed beams

 Transmit Diversity

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IEEE 802.16 Physical Layer (4/4)

 OFDM
 Special form of MCM technique
 Dividing the total bandwidth into a number of sub-carriers

 Densely spaced and orthogonal sub-carriers

 Orthogonality is acheived by FFT
 ISI is mitigated

Comparison between conventional FDM and OFDM

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Simulation Model (1/5)

PHY Layer Setup

Transmitter

Random data Channel Mapping IFFT Cyclic Prefix

generation Encoding insertion

Output Data Channel De-mapping FFT Cyclic Prefix

decoding removal

Receiver

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Simulation Model (2/5)

 Channel coding

Mandatory channel coding per modulation

Modulation Uncoded Block Coded Block Overall coding RS code CC code rate
Size Size rate
(bytes) (bytes)
BPSK 12 24 1/2 (12,12,0) 1/2
QPSK 24 48 1/2 (32,24,4) 2/3
QPSK 36 48 3/4 (40,36,2) 5/6
16-QAM 48 96 1/2 (64,48,8) 2/3

16-QAM 72 96 3/4 (80,72,4) 5/6

64-QAM 96 144 2/3 (108,96,6) 3/4

64-QAM 108 144 3/4 (120,108,6) 5/6

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Simulation Model (3/5)
 Channel Coding (contd.)

 Data randomization
• Implemented with PRBS generator
Data Reed-Solomon Convolutional Interleaving
• 15-stage shift register Randomization Encoding Encoding

• XOR gates in feedback

FEC
 RS-encoding
• Derived from RS(N=255, K=239, T=8)
• Shortend and punctured

 CC Encoder
• Native code rate ½
• Supports punctureing to acheive variable code rate

 Interleaver
• Two step permutation
• First step:adjacent coded bits are mapped onto non-adjacent subcarriers
• Second step: adjacent coded bits are mapped alternately onto less or more significant bits of the constellation

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Simulation Model (4/5)

 Simulator Description

 Each block of the transmitter, receiver and channel is written in separate ’m’ file

 The main procedure call each of the block in the manner a communication system works

 initialization parameters: number of simulated OFDM symbols, CP length, modulation and coding rate, range of
SNR values and SUI channel model for simulation.

 The input data stream is randomly generated

 Output variables are available in Matlab™ workspace

 BER and BLER values for different SNR are stored in text files

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Simulation Model (5/5)

 Channel model
 wireless channel is characterized by:
 Path loss
 Multipath delay spread
 Fading characteristics
 Doppler spread
 Co-channel and adjacent channel interference

 Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models

 -empirical model
 -six channel model to address three different terrain types
 -3 taps used to model multipath
 -tap delay: 0-20 µs

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Simulation results (1/10)

 Scatter plots
• '+' transmitted data
• '*' received data.

 Sppead reduction is taking place with

the increaseing values of SNR

 Validates the implementation

of channel model

Scatter Plots for 16-QAM modulation (RS-CC 1/2) in SUI-1 channel model

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Simulation results (2/10)

 BER Performance

BER vs. SNR plot for different coding profiles on SUI-2 channel

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Simulation results (3/10)

SNR required at BER level 10 -3 for different modulation and coding profile

BPSK ½ QPSK ½ QPSK ¾ 16-QAM ½ 16-QAM ¾ 64-QAM 2/3 64-QAM 3/4

Channel SNR (dB) at BER level 10-3

SUI-1 4.3 6.6 10 12.3 15.7 19.4 21.3

SUI-2 7.5 10.4 14.1 16.25 19.5 23.3 25.4

SUI-3 12.7 17.2 22.7 22.7 28.3 30 32.7

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Simulation results (4/10)


BER performance:variations with the change in channel conditions

 Severity of corruption is highest on SUI-3

 Lowest in SUI-1

 Tap power dominates in determining

the order of severity of corruption

BER vs. SNR plot for 16-QAM 1/2 on different SUI channel

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Simulation results (5/10)

 BLER performance

BLER vs. SNR plot for different modulation and coding profile on SUI-1

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Simulation results (6/10)

 BLER Performance

SNR required at BLER level 10 -2 for different modulation and coding profile

BPSK ½ QPSK ½ QPSK ¾ 16-QAM ½ 16-QAM ¾ 64-QAM 64-QAM

2/3 3/4

Channel SNR (dB) at BLER level 10-2

SUI-1 7.3 7 11 12.6 15.6 19.6 21.3

SUI-2 10.7 12.7 15.4 16.5 20.8 23.8 26.1

SUI-3 15 17.7 22.7 24.4 28.8 31.2 33.8

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Simulation results (7/10)

 BLER performance:variations with the change in channel conditions

• Results are consistant with

the BER performance

BLER vs. SNR plot for 64-QAM 2/3 modulation and coding profile on different SUI channel

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Simulation results (8/10)


Effect of Forward Error Correction

 FEC gains 4.5 dB improvement

at BER level of 10-3

Effect of FEC in 64-QAM 2/3 on SUI-3 channel model

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Simulation results (9/10)

 Effect of Reed-Solomon Encoding

Performance improvement due to RS Coding

QPSK ½ 16-QAM ½ 64-QAM 2/3

SNR(dB) at 1 1.2 1.4

BER
10-3
SNR(dB) at 3 4.5 5
BLER
10-2

Effect of Reed Solomon encoding in QPSK ½ on SUI-3 channel model

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Simulation results (10/10)

 Effect of Bit interleaver

Performance improvement due to bit interleaving

BPSK 1/2 QPSK ½ 16-QAM ½ 64-QAM 2/3

SNR(dB) at
BER 10- 2.2 0.8 1.4 2.2
3

SNR(dB) at
BLER 1 1.2 1.7 2.5
10-2

Effect of Block interleaver in 64-QAM 2/3 on SUI-2 channel model

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Conclusion and Future Work

 Conclusion

• Lower modulation and coding scheme provides better performance with less SNR
• The results are ovious from constallation mapping point of view
• Results obtain from the simulation can be used to set threshold SNR to implement adaptive modulation scheme
to attatin highest transmission speed with a target BER
• FEC improves the BER performance by 6 dB to 4.5 dB at BER level 10 -3
• RS encoding improves the BER performance by 1dB to 1.4 dB at BER level 10 -3
• RS encoder provides tremendous performance when it is concatenated with CC

 Future Works

 The implemented PHY layer model still needs some improvement. The channel estimator can be implemented to
obtain a depiction of the channel state to combat the effects of the channel using an equalizer.

 The IEEE 802.16 standard comes with many optional PHY layer features, which can be implemented to further
improve the performance. The optional Block Turbo Coding (BTC) can be implemented to enhance the
performance of FEC. Space Time Block Code (STBC) can be employed in DL to provide transmit diversity.

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Thank You !

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