Protection Application Network earthing

Handbook
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 Network earthing
Earthing

 Protective earthing

 System earthing
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 Network earthing
Earthing

The earthing is
effective for all
galvanic ally
connected system
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 Network earthing
Why use system earthing

 Fix network to earth potential

 Reduction of fault current at earth fault
 Reduce over voltage
 For transient earth faults
 Increase in neutral point over voltage
 Coupling and lightning over voltage
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Reduction of fault current with neutral point
impedance
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Influence of earthing on overvoltage due to
transient fault
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Avoiding Ferro resonance

VTs in a unearthed network can cause Ferro resonance.

This can be prevented by connecting resistor as shown
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High resistive earthing

3Ro<Xco

At transient earth faults Voltage

stays within reasonable limits
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Resonance earthing ( coil earthing)

 Inductance calibrated to capacitance of

network
 Needs to be adjusted periodically
 Earth fault currents are small and arc at fault
point can be extinguished easily
 Not good for cable circuits (generates
harmonics)
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Different types of system earthing

 Isolated neutral point

 Coil earthed system
 Earthed system
 Effectively earthed
 Non-effectively earthed
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Effectively earthed system

 System is considered effectively earthed

when following is valid in all points of the
system
 Xo < 3X1
 Ro <X1
 This leads to maximum 80% of nominal
voltage between ph-earth and therefore
lower insulation requirements can be
accepted and surge arresters with lower
voltages can be used
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How to obtain neutral point

 The Y winding of following can be used for

direct earthing
 Y-O/ D Transformers
 Y-O/Y-O transformer with delta equalizing winding
 Y-O/Y transformer
 Zero sequence impedance of such transformers is
very high .Theoretically no earth fault current can
flow , however due to leakage fields some current
will flow.
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How to obtain neutral point

Z-O connected earthing transformer

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Earth fault current distribution

Resistance earthed Zig zag transformer earthed

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Current distribution in transmission
network
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Practices of earthing

 Germany , Sweden , Netherlands

 Limit earth fault current to low value
 Protect telephone network and people

 USA , Canada , UK, India

 Accept high earthfault current
 Prevent overvoltage in power system
 Simplify fault clearance
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Practices of earthing
 Voltages over 100kV
 Direct earthing all over world
 Transformers and insulators can be of lower test voltage
 Voltages between 25-100kV and 1-25kV
 Directly earthed in India
 High resistance grounding for Generators
 Practices vary in other parts
 Voltages < 1 kV
 Normally direct earthed
 Industries with motors unearthed
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Comparison of earthing methods
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Step and touch voltages in direct earthed
networks
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Limiting the fault current helps reducing

step and touch voltage
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Network earthing