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ATIRAKE SINGH
09011D08019
It is internal resistance which the body offerss to
meet with the load is called STRESS.
σ Load P
=
Area A
=
I)Tension
II)Compression
III)Shera
2)Indirect stress
I) Bending
II)Torsion
3)Combined stress
ε
Change in Length ∆
=
=
Original Length
LL
Units: Dimensionless
Stiffness
σ
= stress/strain =
ε
Stress, σ
µ=lateral strain
Lateral strain
Center of gravity of the body may be defined as the
point through which the whole weight of a body may
be assumed act.
Common shapes are
I Angle Channel
9
Introduction to Beams
• The parallel portions on an I-beam or H-beam are
referred to as the flanges. The portion that connects the
flanges is referred to as the web.
Web
Web Flanges
Flanges
10
Beams are supported in structures via
different configurations
11
Beams are designed to support various types of
loads and forces
12
Beam Theory
• Consider a simply supported beam of
length, L. The cross section is
rectangular, with width, b, and depth, h.
13
Beam Theory
• An area has a centroid, which is similar to a center of
gravity of a solid body.
• The centroid of a symmetric cross section can be easily
found by inspection. X and Y axes intersect at the
centroid of a symmetric cross section, as shown on the
rectangular cross section.
Y - Axis
h/2
X - Axis
h/2
b/2 b/2
14
Beam Theory
• An important variable in beam design is the moment of
inertia of the cross section, denoted by I.
• Inertia is a measure of a body’s ability to resist rotation.
• Moment of inertia is a measure of the stiffness of the
beam with respect to the cross section and the ability of
the beam to resist bending.
• As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.
• Units are (LENGTH)4, e.g. in4, ft4, cm4
15
Beam Theory
• I can be derived for any common area using calculus.
However, moment of inertia equations for common cross
sections (e.g., rectangular, circular, triangular) are readily
available in math and engineering textbooks.
• For a rectangular cross section,
X-axis (passing
through centroid)
bh3
Ix = h
12
b
16
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
Y-Axis
bh3
Ix =
12
( 0.25in)(1.00in)
h = 1.00” X-Axis 3
Ix =
12
I x = 0.02083in 4
b = 0.25”
17
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Y-
axis for a yardstick that is 1” high and ¼” thick.
bh3
X-Axis
Iy =
12
(1.00in)( 0.25in)
Y-Axis h = 0.25” 3
Iy =
12
b = 1.00”
I y = 0.00130in4
18
Beam Theory
• Suppose a concentrated load, P, is
applied to the center of the simply
supported beam.
19
Beam Theory
• The beam will bend downward as a result
of the load P.
20
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) is the vertical
displacement of the of the beam as a
result of the load P.
Deflection, Δ
21
Beam Theory
• The deflection (Δ) of a simply supported, center loaded
beam can be calculated from the following formula:
3
PL
Δ =
48EI
where, P
P = concentrated load (lbs.)
L = span length of beam (in.)
E = modulus of elasticity
(lbs./in.2)
I = moment of inertia of axis L
perpendicular to load P (in.4)
22
Beam Theory
• Modulus of elasticity, E, is a property that indicates the
stiffness and rigidity of the beam material. For example,
steel has a much larger modulus of elasticity than wood.
Values of E for many materials are readily available in
tables in textbooks. Some common values are
Material Modulus of Elasticity (psi)
Steel 30 x 106
Aluminum 10 x 106
Wood ~ 2 x 106
23
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the steel beam
supporting a 500 lb load shown below.
P = 500 lb
h = 2”
b = 3”
L = 36”
PL 3
bh3
Δ = I =
48EI 12
24
Beam Theory
• Step 1: Calculate the moment of inertia, I.
bh3
I =
12
I =
( 3 in)( 2 in) 3
12
I = 2 in4
25
Beam Theory
• Step 2: Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ =
48EI
Δ =
( 500lb)( 36in) 3
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 2 in4
in
)
Δ =
( 500lb) ( 46656in3 )
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 2 in4
in
)
Δ = 0.0081in
26
Beam Theory
• These calculations are very simple for a solid, symmetric
cross section.
• Now consider slightly more complex symmetric cross
sections, e.g. hollow box beams. Calculating the
moment of inertia takes a little more effort.
• Consider a hollow box beam as shown below:
0.25 in.
6 in.
4 in.
27
Beam Theory
• The same equation for moment of inertia, I = bh3/12, can
be used.
• Treat the outer dimensions as a positive area and the
inner dimensions as a negative area, as the centroids of
both are about the same X-axis.
X-axis
28
Beam Theory
• Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-axis for the
positive area and the negative area using I = bh3/12.
The outer dimensions will be denoted with subscript “o”
and the inner dimensions will be denoted with subscript
“i”.
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
29
Beam Theory
ho = 6 in.
X-axis hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h bh
Ipos = o o Ineg = i i
12 12
Ipos =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 Ineg =
( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12
30
Beam Theory
• Simply subtract Ineg from Ipos to calculate the moment of
inertia of the box beam, Ibox
Ibox =
( 4 in)( 6 in) 3 − ( 3.5in)( 5.5in) 3
12 12
4 in.
Ibox =
( 4 in) ( 216in3 ) − ( 3.5in) (166.4in3 )
12 12
32
Beam Theory
• Identify the positive and negative areas…
33
Beam Theory
• …and calculate the moment of inertia similar to the box
beam (note the negative area dimensions and that it is
multiplied by 2).
ho
hi
bo bi bi
3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12
34
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
35
Beam Theory
• The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in
a similar manner…
36
Beam Theory
• …however, the H-beam is divided into three positive
areas.
h1 h2 h1
b2
b1 b1
3 3 3
b1 h1 b2 h2 b1 h1
IH-beam = + +
12 12 12
3 3
2b1 h1 b2 h2
IH-beam = +
12 12 37
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the deflection in the I-beam shown
below. The I-beam is composed of three ½” x 4” steel
plates welded together.
P = 5000 lbf
38
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi = bi
bo = 4 in.
3 3
b h 2 bi hi
I I −beam = o o −
12 12
39
Beam Theory
• First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as
previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in. hi = 4 in.
bi =1.75in bi
bo = 4 in.
I I −beam =
( 4in) ( 5in) 3 − 2 (1.75in) ( 4in) 3
12 12
P = 5000 lbf
L = 8 ft
3
PL
Δ =
48EI
41
Beam Theory
• Calculate the deflection, Δ.
PL3
Δ =
48EI
Δ =
( 5000lb)( 96in) 3
(
6 lbf
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
)
Δ =
( 5000lb) ( 884736in3 )
6 lb
(
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
)
Δ = 0.134in
42
Beam Theory
• Example: Calculate the volume and mass of the beam if
the density of steel is 490 lbm/ft3.
43
Beam Theory
• Volume = (Area) x (Length)
V = AL
V = 3( 0.5in)( 4in)( 8ft)
( )
V = 3 2.0in2 ( 96in)
V = 576in3
44
Beam Theory
• Convert to cubic feet…
3
1ft
V = 576in 3
12in
1ft
3
V = 576in
3
3
1728in
V = 0.333ft3
45
Beam Theory
• Calculate mass of the beam
• Mass = Density x Volume
m= ρV
lbm
(
m = 490 3 0.333ft3
ft
)
m= 163.3lbm
46
Questions??
Question ? ?
Thank u