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VISION
Photochemistry of vision
Photopic vision:
àDay light vision due to cones
àColor vision
àBrightness above 1mA
Scotopic vision:
Dim light vision due to rods
Below 0.001 mA
Mesopic vision:
Full moonlight vision
3. Neural adaptation
Night Blindness
Red
G re e n
B lu e
3 Attributes of Color
Hue
“color”
color perception denoted by blue, red,
purple, etc
Depends largely on what the eye and brain
perceive to be the predominant
wavelength Mean
present in the
Hue incoming light
# Photons
Wavelength
3 Attributes of Color
Saturation
purity or richness of a color
When all the light seen by the eye is the
same wavelength, the color is fully
saturated
e.g. pink is a desaturated red
Variance Saturation
hi. high
# Photons
med. medium
low low
Wavelength
3 Attributes of Color
Brightness
Quantity of light coming from an object
(the number of photons striking the
eye)
B. Area
Area Lightness
Brightness
# Photons
bright
dark
Wavelength
Young-Helmholtz theory:
Three types of cones
with sensitivity to three
primary colors
S, M & L pigments
S pigment gene-
Chromosome 7
W h a t n u m b e rs ca n yo u se e in e a ch o f th e se ?
Tests for color vision
Pseudo-isochromatic chart test
(Ishihara’s plates)
Elridge Green lantern
Holmgren’s wool test
Color blindness
-anomaly: weakness
-anopia: absence or loss
Monochromat
Dichromat
Trichromat
Tests for color blindness:
1 Ishihara’s chart
2 Edridge Green Lantern
3 Holmgren’s Wool test
Color Blindness:
Tritanopia
Monochromats
LIGHT
Direct excitatory
Receptors component (D)
Indirect
inhibitory
component (I)
Horizontal
Cells
Direct Path D+I
Bipolar Cell
Indirect Path
Response
Time
Response
Time
Response
Time
Response
Time
Response
Time
Response
Time
Center
Firing on-center
Rate
Surround
off-surround
Horizontal Position
On Off
Surround
Center
Firing on-surround
Rate
Surround
Center
off-center
Simple cells
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
Firing Firing
Rate Rate
Firing Firing
Rate Rate
Cortical
Retina LGN Area V1
Center-
Receptive Fields Surround Simple Cell
Cells
Complex Cells
00o
Time
Complex Cells
60 o
0
Time
Complex Cells
90 o
0
Time
Complex Cells
120 o
0
Time
Hypercomplex Cells
Time
Hypercomplex Cells
Time
Hypercomplex Cells
Time
Hypercomplex Cells
Time
“End-stopped” Cells
© Stephen E. Palmer, 2002
Cortical Receptive Fields