HYDRO-THERMAL

COORDINATION
Rakesh Roshan
Electrical-B
0701209329

. 16TH SEPT 2010

Presentation Outline
1) Introduction
2) Types of hydro-thermal co-ordination
3) Methods of hydro-thermal co-ordination
4) Mathematical formulation
5) Solution for long-term
6) Solution for short-term
7) Advantages
8) Example
9) Conclusion
10)References
Sep 2010 .
Introduction
o Hydro-plants can be easily started and
assigned load in very short time.
o Slow response of thermal power due to
boiler, super heater, and turbine system.
o Thermal plant base load plants
o Hydro plant peak load plants.

Sep 2010 .
The optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal
system stated as to minimize the fuel cost of
thermal plants under the constraint of water
availability for hydro-generation over a given period
of operation.
During high stream flows period
hydro plant base load
thermal plant peak load.
 During lean flow period
thermal plant base load
hydro plant peak load
Sep 2010 .
 Water inflow, J

Reservoir
(or)
storage

Water discharge G

Fundamental
. hydro-thermal system
Types of hydro-thermal
coordination
1) Long term co-ordination – one week to one year
or several years. Unknown such as load
,hydraulic inflows, and unit availability(i.e. ,
steam and hydro-plants).

2) Short term co-ordination –one day or one week,

which involves the hour-by-hour scheduling. The
load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are
assumed to be known.

.
Methods of hydro-thermal co-
ordination
1) Constant hydro-generation method.
2) Constant thermal generation method.
3) Maximum hydro-efficiency method.
4) Kirchmayer’s method.

Sep 2010 .
 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

To mathematically formulate the optimal scheduling,

the following assumptions are to be made for a
certain period of operation:

(i)storage of a hydro-reservoir at the beginning

and end of period T are specified.

(ii)After accounting for the irrigation purpose, water

inflow to the reservoir and load demand on the
system are known deterministically as functions
of time with. certainties.
Sep 2010
The optimization problem here is to determine
the water discharge rate q(t) so as to
minimize the cost function of thermal generation.

Objective function is

Min ……(1)

Sep 2010 .
Subject to the following constraints:
(i)The real power balance equation

i.e., for t (0,T) ……(2)

where is the real power thermal generation at

time ‘t’ ,
the real power hydro generation at
time ‘t’ ,

real power loss at time ‘t’, and

the. real power demand at time ‘t’ .
Sep 2010
(ii) water availability equation:

……(3)
Where is the water storage at time ‘t’ ,
the water storage at the beginning of
operation time ,T,
the water storage at the end of
operation time, T,
the water inflow rate, and
the water discharge rate.

Nov 2008 .
(iii)Real power hydro-generation

The real hydro-generation is a function of

water storage X’(t)
and water discharge rate q(t)

……(4)

Nov 2008 .
solution of problem-discretization
principle
The optimization interval T is sub-divided into N equal
sub-intervals of t time length and over each sub-
interval ,it is assumed that all the variables remain fixed
in value.

The same problem can be reformulated as

Sep 2010 . ……(5)

Subject to the following constraints:
(i)Power balance equation
……(6)
where is the thermal generation in kth interval,
the hydro generation in Kth interval, 
the transmission power loss in kth interval

  and expressed as

,and
is the load demand in the Kth interval.

.
(iii)Water availability equation:
………(7)

where is the water storage at the end of interval K,

the water inflow rate in interval K, and

the water discharge rate in interval K.
Dividing the equation(7) by t, it becomes
for K=1,2, … N ………(8)

where is the water storage in discharge units.

and are specified as water storage rates at the

beginning and at the end of the optimization interval,
respectively. .
(iii) The real power hydro-generation in any sub-
interval can be written as
……(9)

where ;
is the basic water head which is corresponding
to dead storage,

is the water correction factor to account for the

variation in head with storage ,and
the non-effective discharge (due to the need of
which a hydro generation can run at no-load
condition).
sep 2010 .
The objective problem is mathematically stated for
any sub-interval ‘K’ by the objective function given
by equations (5), which is subjected to equation
constraints given by equations (6), (8), (9).

Independent variables are for K=2,3, … , N and

for K≠1.
Dependent variables are for K=1,2,
… ,N.

Sep 2010 .
Equation (8) can be written for all values of K=1,2,
…,N:
i.e. , K=1
K=2
K= interval
By adding the above set of equations, we get
……(10)
Equation (10) is known as the water availability
equation.
For K=2, 3, … ,N, there are (N-1) number of water
discharges (q ’s), which can be independent
variables and the remaining one, i.e. , ,dependent
variable and it can be determined from
equation(10) as
……(11)
.
Sep 2010
 Solution technique

…(12 )

where are the Lagrangian multipliers

that are dual variables

Sep 2010 .
 ……(13)

……(14)

……(15)

……(16)

Sep 2010 .
The partial derivatives of the Lagrangian function
with respect to independent variables give the
gradient vector:

…(17)

For optimally, the gradient vector should be zero

.
 Algorithm
Step 1: Assume an initial set of independent variables,
for all sub-intervals expect the first sub-
interval

Step 2: Obtain the values of dependent variables

using equations (8),(9),(6),and

(11), respectively.

Step 3: Obtain the Lagrangian multipliers

using equations (13),(14),(16), and (15),
respectively.

Sep 2010 .
Step 4: Obtain the gradient vector and check

whether all elements are close to zero within a

specified tolerance, if so the optimal value is
reached; if not, go to the next step.
Step 5: Obtain new values of control variables using the
first-order gradient method,

……(18)

where is a positive scalar, which defines the step

length, and having a value depends on the problem
Sep 2010 on hand, then
. go to Step 2 and repeat the process.
 KIRCHMAYER’S METHOD
 be the power generation of thermal plant in MW,

 be the power generation of hydro-plant in MW,

be the incremental fuel cost of thermal plant in

Rs./MWh,

 be the quantity of water used for power generation at

hydro-plant in ,

 be the incremental water rate of hydro-plant in

 be the incremental transmission loss of thermal plant,

 be the incremental
sep 2010 . transmission loss of hydel plant,
 be the Lagrangian multiplier,

 be the constant which converts the incremental

water rate of hydel plant j into an incremental cost,

n be the total number of plants,

 be the number of thermal plants,

n- be the number of hydro-plants, and

T be the time interval during which the plant operation

isSepconsidered.
2010 .
The objective function is to minimize the cost of
generation:
i.e., ……(19)

subject to the equality constraints

……(20)

and ……(21)

Now, the objective function becomes

Sep 2010 . ……(22)
 ……(23)

……(24)

where is the incremental fuel cost of the

thermal plant and the incremental water rate of
the hydro-plant.

 Equation (23) and (24) are co-ordinate equations,

which are used to obtain the optimal scheduling of the
hydro-thermal
Sep 2010 .system considering losses.
Advantages of operation of hydro-
thermal coordination
Flexibility
Greater economy
Security of supply
Better energy conservation
Reserve capacity maintenance

Sep 2010 .
Example
Q. A two-plant system that has a thermal station
near the load center and a hydro-power station at a
remote location is shown in fig.
The characteristics of both stations are

The transmission loss coefficient,

Thermal plant Hydro-plant

Load
Determine the power generation at each station and
the power received
Sep 2010 .
by the load when
solution: Here, n=2
Transmission loss,

Since the load is near the thermal station, the

power flow is from the hydro-station only;
therefore, :

For the thermal power station, the co-ordination

equation is

Sep 2010 .
For a hydro-power station, the co-ordination
equation is

By solving the above equation, we get

Transmission loss,

Therefore, the power received by the load,

=433.33+622.38-193.68=533.327 MW
Sep2010 .
Conclusion
Hydro-thermal scheduling is done when power
demand is less than the maximum capacity of
power generation by the hydro and thermal
plants.

Sep 2010 .
 Referances
1) Power system engineering 2nd edition
–D P Kothari I J Nagrath
2) Power system optimization
–D P Kothari J S Dhillon
3) Power system operation and control
-S.Sivanagaraju G.Sreenivasan

4) www.ieeexplorer.org
5) www.google.com
6) www.nhpcindia.com
Sep 2010 .
 Thank you

Sep 2010 .