Software Estimation Techniques

Presented by:
Satyawan Malhan
Shashank Jain
Shradha Agrawal
Shoaib Qureshi

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 Software Estimation
Size Estimation

Cost Estimation

Effort Estimation

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 Size Estimation
Based upon known system requirements
Two methods for size estimation:
1.KSLOC
2.Functional Points
By using some constants functional points are
converted into KSLOC.

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 Techniques for Size estimation
Developers opinion

Experts estimation

-Guessing based on experience

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 Techniques for Size estimation

Previous years’ experience

Using the Size Estimating Template: help to

make estimates of how big a new software
project will be or how long it will take to
create the project (seize and time estimation)

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 Techniques for Size estimation
Counting functional blocks
- relies on the fact that most software systems
decompose into roughly the same number of "levels".
After decomposing it into functions and sub-functions
it is multiplied with previous size estimates.

In case of no previous estimates we multiply as:

Functional blocks = 41.6 KSLOC
Sub functional blocks = 4.16 KSLOC

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 Techniques for Size estimation
Functional Point analysis:
-Instead of counting the lines of code that make up a
system, count the number of externals (inputs, outputs,
inquiries and interfaces) that make up the system.

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 Functional Point analysis
1. external inputs - data or control inputs (input files,
tables, forms, screens, messages, etc.) to the system.

2. external outputs - data or control outputs from the

system

3. external inquiries - I/O queries which require a

response (prompts, interrupts, calls, etc.)

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 Functional Point analysis
4. external interfaces - libraries or programs which are
passed into and out of the system (I/O routines,
sorting procedures, math libraries, run-time libraries,
etc.)
5. internal data files - groupings of data stored
internally in the system (entities, internal control
files, directories)

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 Application Size Estimation
UCP = UUCP * TCF * EF
TCF= 0.6+ (0.01* T-FACTOR)
EF= 1.4 + (-0.03* E-FACTOR)
UUCP = Weightage Value

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 Software cost analysis
Cost is the function of
Software development cost
Cost of equipments and supplies

So Cost= Effort * Fixed labor cost

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 Effort Estimation
Holistic model
For new development where relative rates are not
available

Activity based model

When relative rates are available

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 Popular holistic model
SDM (Software Development Model - Putnam - 1978)
 SLIM (Software Lifecycle Management - Putnam -
1979)
 COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model - Boehm -
1981)
 COPMO (Cooperative Programming Model - Conte,

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 COCOMO
COCOMO comes in 3 levels with increased accuracy
in each level:
Basic
Intermediate
Detail

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 Effort Estimation

Holistic
Holistic Model
Model

COCOMO
COCOMO Activity Based Model
SDM SLIM
Basic
Basic Intermediate
Intermediate
COPMO
Detail
Detail

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 Basic COCOMO
Basic COCOMO is provided for three operational
modes: organic, semi-detached, and embedded

Organic: small experienced team in small project

Embedded: large project with many constraints
Semi-detached: somewhere in between

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 Basic COCOMO equations

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 Activity based model:
The activity-based model uses data from the metrics
database to determine the labour rates

For this reason, you can only apply it once the metrics
database is established and there is a baseline from
which to work

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- THANK
YOU
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