Topic Tunnel

Name : Abdul wahab

Roll # 178
Bs. Applied Geology
6th semester
Evening (B)
UAJ&K
Tunnel
 TUNNEL
A tunnel is an underground
passageway, completely enclosed
except for openings for egress,
commonly at each end.
 Adit:
It is small type of tunnel but it is closed from
one edge. It is map in three dimensions that
are right wall, left wall and portal.
Shaft:
It is vertical. It is also used for ventilation. Shaft
is also used for lighting. It is also
use for construction carriage material. Shaft is
also used for various tests i.e., for deformation
test.
Roof:
Top of the tunnel cross-section is
called the roof.

Walls:
Sides of the tunnel sections are
termed as tunnel walls.
Muck:
The material excavated during a
tunnel construction is called muck.
Ground:
It is a material through which the
tunnel has to be driven.
 Roof Bolting:
Steel bolts are penetrated
through the roof material for the
protection of roof material by
steel sheets.
• Crown:
The top of the curve roof is called
crown.
Hiatus
Uses of Tunnel:

1 For transportation (roads, railways)

etc.
2 For communication.
3 For diversion of water.
4 For safety.
5 For storage arms during war.
6 For mining.
Equipment & machines
used in tunneling
 Excavators
Excavators are
heavy construction equipment consisting
of a boom, bucket and cab on a rotating
platform (known as the "house"). The
house sits atop an undercarriage with
tracks or wheels. All movement and
functions of the excavator are
accomplished through the use of
hydraulic fluid, be it with rams or motors.
Their design is a natural progression
from the steam shovel.
 Dumper
A dumper is a vehicle designed for
carrying bulk material, often on
building sites. Dumpers are
distinguished from dump trucks by
configuration: a dumper is usually
an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the
load skip in front of the driver, while
a dump truck has its cab in front of
the load.
 Welding Gas Cylenders
Welding gas cylinders are tanks used
to store gases (like argon and helium) at
high pressure while being attached to
welding machines.
 Drilling Rig
A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes
(usually called boreholes) and/or shafts in the
ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures
housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil
wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they
can be small enough to be moved manually by
one person
 Compressor
An air compressor is a device that
converts electrical power or gas into
kinetic energy by pressurizing and
compressing air, which is then released
in quick bursts.
 Concrete pump
A concrete pump is a tool used
for transferring liquid concrete by
pumping.
Tunnel boring Machine ( TBM )
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also
known as a "mole", is a machine used
to excavate tunnels with a circular
cross section through a variety of soil
and rock strata. They can bore through
hard rock, sand, and almost anything in
between. Tunnel diameters can range
from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to
almost 16 metres to date.
 Composite unconformity

When there is more then one type of

unconformities in a single outcorp
together.
Thank You