Introduction to MIS

Chapter 12
Systems Development

Technology Toolbox: Programming in Excel

Technology Toolbox: Business Analysis
Cases: Government Agencies

Copyright © 1998-2004 by Jerry Post

Introduction to MIS
 Outline
 How do you create the software tools needed for your
organization?
 What main options exist for building information
systems?
 How do you control a major development project?
Why is control so important?
 Is SDLC always the best approach? What other
methodologies could be used?
 How do you analyze and annotate a process-based
system?
 How is object-oriented design different from process
design?
 Can software be located in different places?

Introduction to MIS
 Systems Development

Introduction to MIS
 Primary Methodology Choices

Large projects,
formal control

Systems development life cycle

Decision support,
analyses, and
reports

Prototyping
Single user,
reports and one-
time computations End user development

Introduction to MIS
 Build or Buy Options

Purchase Assemble Outsource or

complete from contract Custom
solution components programmers programming

Development
time

Longer development time means more risk,

possibly higher costs. But it also enables you to
create a more customized solution.

Introduction to MIS
 Programming Basics
Sequential execution: Statements are executed in order.
Parallel execution: Groups of code are executed at the same time.
Variables: Containers to hold data
Computations
Conditions: If – Then – Else
Loops: While – End
Subroutines and Functions: Break code into manageable pieces.
Input/Output: Transferring data

Objects: Code pieces purchased or created to do specific tasks.

Introduction to MIS
 Sample Code Structure

Variable Total = 0 Declare and initialize variable

Open Sales
Loop through file/query one row at
While NOT Sales.EOF
a time until end of file
Total = Total + Sales.Value Retrieve value and accumulate in
Sales.MoveNext Total variable
End
Print Total
Close Sales
Sales Query/File
Memory Space Open/start Value
Total: 0 13
13 22
18
Total = Total + Sales.Value
17
13 = 0 + 13

Introduction to MIS
 Individual Development: Pseudocode
Project Evaluation (given a discount factor)

Get list of cost items from the user

(Description, value, time-incurred, probability-factor, category . . .)
Examine each item in the list:
Compute the present value of the cost:
PV = Cost / ( (1 + rate) ^ time)
Multiply by the probability factor:
EV = probability * PV
If item is in a special category,
Then add or subtract correction:
category = Land Add 10%
category = Overhead Subtract 5%
category = Labor Add 15%
End If
Accumulate the total value
End of list
Return the Total value

Introduction to MIS
 Event-Driven Environments
onactivate ondrag onmouseleave
onafterupdate ondragend onmousemove
onbeforeupdate ondragenter onmouseout
onbeforecopy ondragleave onmouseover
onbeforecut ondragover onmousewheel
onbeforedeactivate ondrop onmove
onbeforeeditfocus onerrorupdate onmoveend
onbeforepaste onfilterchange onmovestart
onbeforeupdate onfocus onpaste
onblur onfocusin onprerender
onclick onfocusout onpropertychange
Events for the
oncontextmenu onhelp onreadystatechange
Submit button.
oncontrolselect oninit onresize
oncopy onkeydown onresizeend
Check back oncut onkeyup onresizestart
tomorrow, there ondatabinding onload onselectstart
might be more. ondblclick onlosecapture onserverclick
ondeactivate onmousedown onunload
ondisposed onmouseenter

Introduction to MIS
 Sample Javascript Web Event

This simple code runs.

But it is a terrible user interface.

The art of programming revolves

around building applications that
solve problems and are easy to use.

<input type="submit" value="Submit" name="submit"

onmouseover="ShowMessage('Are you really done?');" />

<script language="javascript">
function ShowMessage(msg)
{
alert(msg);
}
</script>

SampleJavaScript.html
Introduction to MIS 1
  Encapsulation Object-Oriented Programming
 Object Hierarchies
 Inheritance Object name: Account
Number Beginning Balance
 Polymorphism Name Ending Balance
Object attributes/properties: Client Current Balance
Manager Interest Rate
Date Opened

Object functions/methods: Open Acct Accept Deposits

Close Acct Withdrawal
Pay Interest

Savings
Interest Rate Checking
Monthly Fees
Lowest Balance in Month
Pay Interest Bad Check Charges
Compute Charges Authorized Signature
Print Quarterly Statement
Print Monthly Statement
Send Bad Check Notice
Budget Saver Pay Interest
Money Market

Volume

Fixed Fee
Senior Citizen CD
Student

Introduction to MIS 1
 Top-down and Bottom-up
 Identify  Standards!
Management  Integrate
 Functions and  Write code
Management
 Operations  Build DB
 Entire Organization  Find a problem
 Design Systems Functions Functions
 Data
 Programs
Operations Operations Operations

Databases Databases Databases Databases Databases

Programs Programs
Programs Programs

Programs Programs Programs Programs Programs

Introduction to MIS 1
 Runaway Projects
 Technical measures
 2 - 5 times over budget $
 2 - 5 times behind schedule
 Missing technical objectives
 Design problems
 Duplication of efforts 2010 2012
 Incompatibilities 2008
 User/designer conflicts 2013
1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

Introduction to MIS 1
 Common Problems
 Confusion over who is working on each part.
 Program portions do not work together.
 Users have minimal and conflicting input.
 Programmers and developers leave.
 Work is duplicated or discarded.
 Goals are uncertain or changing.

Introduction to MIS 1

 Reasons for Success
 User Involvement
 Executive management
support
 Clear requirements
 Proper planning
 Realistic expectations
Cafasso 1994
Introduction to MIS
Success & Failure
 Reasons for Failure
 Lack of user input
 Incomplete requirements
 Changing requirements and
specifications
 Lack of executive support
 Lack of technical skills
1
 Systems Development Life Cycle
Feasibility & Goals & plans
Planning

Systems Business requirements

Analysis

Systems
Proposal Design Technical Design

Systems
Problems & Implementation
Improvements
New System

Existing System revisions problems revisions

problems
Systems Maintenance: Incremental changes

Introduction to MIS 1
 Development Controls
 Detailed work plan
 Performance targets
 Practices & procedures
 User input & control Blue Print/Planning

Introduction to MIS 1
 Comparison of Diagrams
 Data Flow Diagram  Entity Relationship Diagram
 Show process and flow of  Describe
data.  Data structures.
 Process  Yes
 No  By entities or object
 Increasingly detailed levels inheritance.
of process.
 Structure Chart or VTOC
 Show modules and usage
flow.
 Module structure
 No
 By program structure or
usage steps.

Purpose, Classification, Object Orientation, Decomposition

Introduction to MIS 1
 Systems Implementation
 Final testing
 Involve users
 Education and training
 Flexibility
 Recognize how the system
will affect the business
Education and training
 Encourage users to change
 Implementation plans

Changing
Business operations

Introduction to MIS 1
 Implementation Options

Direct cutover old new

old old
Parallel
new

store 1 new
Pilot store 2 new
store 3 new
store 4 new

old new
dept or component 1
dept or component 2
Phased dept or component 3
dept or component 4

Introduction to MIS 2
 System Evaluation
Feasibility Comparison
Cost and Budget Compare actual costs to budget estimates.
Time Estimates Was project completed on time?
Revenue Effects Does system produce additional revenue?
Maintenance Costs How much money and time are spent on changes?

Project Goals Does system meet the initial goals of the project?

User Satisfaction How do users (and management) evaluate the

system?
System Performance
System Reliability Are the results accurate and on time?
System Availability Is the system available on a continuous basis?
System Security Does the system provide access only to authorized
users?

Introduction to MIS 2
 SDLC Advantages & Disadvantages
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Control & targets  Increased costs
 Formality  Increased time
 Financial controls  Hard for DSS
 User input  Requires definitions up front
 Documentation  Rigid
 Testing
 Ease of maintenance

Introduction to MIS 2
 Capability Maturity Model

1. Initial. Ad hoc development with undefined processes.

Often driven by individual programmers.
2. Managed. Standard project management tools to track
costs and schedules. Basic processes to ensure
development is repeatable.
3. Defined. Management and development is defined and
standardized. Processes are documented and followed.
4. Quantitatively Managed. Detailed measures are collected
and evaluated.
5. Optimizing. Continuous improvement methods are applied
to fine tune and improve the development process

http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/

Introduction to MIS 2
 Prototyping
MIS Designer User

Initial Interview

Build Initial Prototype

New Version Use Prototype

Request changes
Modify Prototype

1) User is satisfied
2) User and designer give up
Process repeats until: 3) Formal system is built from prototype
4) Need for application is removed
5) Process never ends

Introduction to MIS 2
 Prototyping Evaluation
 Advantages  Best uses
 Get a working system earlier  Single user
 User has more input  Reports
 Designed to be modified  Input screens
 Self-contained applications
 Problems
 Need 4GL trained MIS staff
 Too many users
 Too many analysts
 Never finish
 "Loss" of management
control

Introduction to MIS 2
 Extreme Programming and Agile Development
Release 1.0 Release 1.1

time

• Target release dates.

• Build test cases.

Paired programming • Write code and test it.

Test cases • Release product.
Inputs: 16, 7, 19 • Add features for next release.
Output: 91

Introduction to MIS 2
 Developing Systems with Teams

Developing systems is generally a team

effort among MIS developers and
business users. Groupware, CASE, and
development tools are often used to
facilitate communication and
coordination.

Introduction to MIS 2
 Get everyone together to
Joint Application Design
identify the primary
elements of the design with
no distractions.
Goals
Primary Needs
Computations
Forms
Database

Introduction to MIS 2
 Teamwork Development

Coordination
Technology

Information Change
Control Sharing Monitoring

Access Data Concurrency Consistency

Product User
Control Sharing Control Enforcement

Introduction to MIS 2
 End-user Development
 Advantages
 Faster
 Cheaper
 Get what you want

 Disadvantages/Problems
 Lack of documentation
 Individual/personal differences
 Pre-packaged software limitations
 Takes User time

Introduction to MIS 3

 Many people use the system
 PC versus central computer
 Need documentation
 Individual user differences
 Need to train users
 Commercial software limits
 User time is expensive
 Mission critical application
 Additional testing
 Many modifications
 Need security & control
Introduction to MIS
End-user Development
When to Call for Help
 Need to integrate
 Use corporate data
 Tie to existing software
 Connect to network
 Database Integrity
 Avoid duplicate data
 Changes to corporate data
3
 Who Should Develop Systems?
 MIS
 Size: Many users
 Complexity: Different
departments
 Long development time
 SDLC large project controls
 Cost of user time
 Critical Information
 Major changes to central
data base
 Formal testing
 Expensive hardware
 Formal feasibility
 Compatibility
 Specialized knowledge
 End User
 One-time code
 Can purchase pre-packaged
solutions
 Highly trained users
 How Can MIS Help?
 Easy access to
data/database
 Advice and help
 Testing & quality control
 Training & tutorials
 Support/Help Center

Introduction to MIS 3
 Choosing Methodologies
SDLC RAD Extreme JAD Prototyping End User
Programming
Control Formal MIS Time Joint User User
Time frame Long Short Short Medium Short Short
Users Many Few Few Few One or two One
MIS staff Many Few Many Few One or two None
Trans/DSS Trans. Both Both/DSS DSS DSS DSS
Interface minimal Minimal Good Crucial Crucial Crucial
Document. & Good Limited Variable Limited Weak None
Training
Integrity & Vital Vital Unknown Limited Weak Weak
Security
Re-usability Limited Some Maybe Limited Weak None

Introduction to MIS 3
 A Systems Approach to Process Analysis
 Systems
 Input, Process, Output
 Divide and Conquer
 Goals and Objectives
 Control and Feedback
Basic Systems
 Diagramming Systems
 Common Systems Problems
Input Process Output

Introduction to MIS 3
 System boundary: The Zoo

Requests
Members Suppliers
& Comments
Donors Money Animal Feed
Visitors
Invoices

The Health Data

Zoo

Education Baby
Visitor Counts Animals
Registration Other Zoos
Educational Papers
Materials

Introduction to MIS 3
 Subsystems: The Zoo

Donor &
Public
Relations
Animal
Care
Manage
Human
Resources
Produce
Management Manage
Reports Facilities

Introduction to MIS 3
 Goals and Feedback

Input Process Output Goal

Control
Feedback
Analyze

Introduction to MIS 3
 Data Flow Diagram Objects

External Entity

Process

Data Store (file)

Data Flow

Feedback and Control Data

Introduction to MIS 3
 zoo booster The Zoo: Level 0
members
public/
zoo visitors donors

PR data money & other zoos

receipts requests public requests & breeders
etc.
1 4
receipts donor and needs & budgets animal animal requests
public relations care
t health research
u es
tatus t req
2 animal s li s e
produce e cia e du l
sp h
mgt. reports emp. reports p . sc
em maint. &
3
hours, specialist building
manage maintenance
benefits, request request
human schedule
etc.
resources
employees employee
schedule
Management pay data, requests 5
reports manage
Usage facilities
certification reports
management agencies

Introduction to MIS 3
 public/
zoo visitors The Zoo: Level 1
money & zoo booster
comments donors
receipts newsletter members
PR data money & notices, etc.
receipts requests money &
1.1 etc. 1.2 1.3 suggestions
produce PR handle org. booster
& outreach donor services &
programs requests meetings
donor booster
needs &
money, data, donor requests requests
plans
visitor statistics lists public requests
needs & 1.4
plans track needs
1.5 and donor
produce programs
accounting expenses & budget needs & budgets
& reports animal public requests
accounting needs
reports adopt an animal
files

Introduction to MIS 4
 Systems: Data Dictionary
 Processes
 Animal Care Description
 Donor & Public Relations ...
 Employee Relations ...
 Entities
 Certification Agencies ...
 Donors ...
 Data
 Accounting Reports ...
 Certification Reports ...

Introduction to MIS 4
 Data Dictionary

Introduction to MIS 4
 System Problems

Do not include
warranty registration data flows
between external
Manufacturer Customer entities. Drop
orders the line or make
purchase orders
one of the
entities internal.
Invoices Sell Products sales receipt

A process
A process cannot be a
cannot invent black hole--data
data. It must must flow out of
have a data flow the process.
coming in to it. Store reports
weekly report Maybe it should
Save Reports be a file instead.
Modify Reports
daily sales Inventory list

Introduction to MIS 4
 Zoo system boundary Boundaries
Visitors

Distribute
Educational
Materials

Create
Educational
Materials

Problem Boundary

Problem: Shortages of Educational Materials

Introduction to MIS 4
 Common Systems Problems

 Defective subsystems
Receive
 Wrong Data Orders
 Errors in Data
 Missing feedback and
control Check
Customer
 Not responding to Credit
environment
Check
Orders
for Errors

Introduction to MIS 4
 zoo booster
donors members Identifying
money &
PR data
receipts
money &
suggestions newsletter,
notices,
Cause
etc.
requests
1.3
etc. & Effect
1.2 Booster
Handle services &
donor meetings
requests needs & booster requests
needs & plans
public requests
plans

donor lists 1.4

donor requests Track needs
& donor needs & budgets
programs
expenses & budget donor list &
animal needs animal needs
& plans
adopt an animal
Problems
files
Some animal budgets have excess $
Some animal budgets have no money

Introduction to MIS 4
 Object Orientation
◆ Object Orientation
● Properties
● Methods
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
◆ Business Objects and Processes

Introduction to MIS 4
 SDLC v. Object Oriented

SDLC versus Object Oriented

60

50

40 SDLC
% time

Object Oriented
30

20

10

0
Requirements Analysis Design Implementation

Introduction to MIS 4
 Objects & Events

Events Methods Objects

Record Sale Transaction Log
Sale
Accounts & Ledgers
Update Inventory Inventory
Customers
Notify Customer Employees (commissions)
Service

Inventory Notify Suppliers Accounts & Ledgers

Order/JIT Suppliers
Schedule Payment Shipping/Receiving

Installation
& Maintenance

Introduction to MIS 4
 Rolling Thunder Order Entry Process

Ne BikeSizes
w
or es
de z
Order Entry r si
Bicycle t.
Clerk Es
Re
tail
d ata
Retail Store Select BikeTubes
er
m
u sto ices
C ho Se
C lec
t

Customer BikeParts Components

Pricing

Introduction to MIS 5
 Rolling Thunder Manufacturing Process
Frame
Assembler Painter

int
Build
BikeTubes TubeMaterial

Pa
QOH

l
al
st
Bicycle

In
Customer

BikeParts Components
QOH
ll
Insta
ip
Sh
Customer
Transaction Installer

Introduction to MIS 5
 Rolling Thunder Purchasing Process

Purchase Purchase
Order Order Items QOH Components
Purchase

Employee
ble
a ya

Receive
P
Manufacturer
Transaction

Manufacturer Dock employee

Introduction to MIS 5
 Some Classes for Rolling Thunder
Customer Customer
Bicycle BikeTubes
Customer
1 1 * SerialNumber
CustomerID * SerialNumber
Phone CustomerID TubeName
ModelType 1 TubeID
FirstName
LastName PaintID Length Components
Address FrameSize 1 ComponentID
ZIPCode OrderDate BikeParts
ManufacturerID
CityID StartDate SerialNumber * * ProductNumber
BalanceDue ShipDate * ComponentID Road
ShipEmployee SubstituteID Category
FrameAssembler Location Length
Painter Quantity Height
Construction … Width
WaterBottle…
Manufacturer Weight
CustomName
Description
LetterStyleID ManufacturerID
ListPrice
StoreID ManufacturerName 1
EstimatedCost
EmployeeID ContactName
QuantityOnHand
… Phone
…
Introduction to MIS 5
 Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class Diagram

Introduction to MIS 5
 Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class Diagram
Groupo
Customer Bicycle BicycleTube BikeTubes TubeMaterial
CompGroup
CustomerID SerialNumber SerialNumber
ModelType SerialNumber GroupName TubeID
Phone CustomerID TubeID BikeType
TubeName Material
FirstName ModelType Quantity Year
ModelType TubeID Description
LastName PaintID EndYear
Address Description Length Diameter
FrameSize Weight
ZIPCode OrderDate ComponentID Thickness
CityID StartDate Roundness
ModelSize
BalanceDue ShipDate Weight
ShipEmployee Stiffness
ModelType ListPrice
FrameAssembler Paint MSize BikeParts
Painter Component Construction
TopTube
Construction PaintID SerialNumber
ChainStay
WaterBottle ColorName ComponentID ComponentID
TotalLength
CustomerTrans CustomName SubstituteID ManufacturerID GroupCompon
ColorStyle GroundClearance
LetterStyleID Location ProductNumber
ColorList HeadTubeAngle
CustomerID StoreID DateIntroduced Quantity Road GroupID
SeatTubeAngle
TransDate EmployeeID DateDiscontinued DateInstalled Category ComponentID
EmployeeID TopTube EmployeeID Length
Amount ChainStay Height
Description HeadTubeAngle Width
Reference SeatTubeAngle LetterStyle Weight
ListPrice Year
Employee
SalePrice LetterStyle PurchaseItem EndYear ComponentName
SalesTax Description Description
EmployeeID ListPrice
SaleState PurchaseID ComponentName
TaxpayerID
ShipPrice ComponentID EstimatedCost AssemblyOrder
LastName
FramePrice PricePaid QuantityOnHand Description
FirstName
ComponentList Quantity
HomePhone PurchaseOrder
QuantityReceived
Address
ZIPCode PurchaseID
RetailStore CityID EmployeeID
DateHired ManufacturerID
DateReleased ManufacturerTrans
StoreID TotalList Manufacturer
StoreName CurrentManager ShippingCost
Phone City SalaryGrade Discount ManufacturerID
ManufacturerID
ContactFirstName Salary OrderDate TransactionDate
ManufacturerName
ContactLastName CityID Title ReceiveDate EmployeeID
ContactName
Address ZipCode WorkArea AmountDue Amount
Phone
ZIPCode City Description
Address
State Reference
CityID ZIPCode
AreaCode
Population1990 CityID
Population1980 BalanceDue
StateTaxRate Country
Latitude
Longitude
State
TaxRate

Introduction to MIS 5
 Simple Object Access Protocol
Your Company Server

The Internet Bank Server

Bank Service
Your Financial Application
Currency
Year Revenue
2000 € 34,231
Cost
€ 27,333 SOAP converter:
2001 € 39,983 € 32,132
2002 € 36,421 € 31,456 Date,
InCurrency,
Sales and Costs
Outcurrency
€50,000

€40,000

€30,000 Revenue
€20,000 Cost

€10,000 Manager or Client

€-
2000 2001 2002

Introduction to MIS 5
 Technology Toolbox: InfoPath

Use the sample Expense Report to create a form.

Use the designer to verify or alter the design.
Publish it and e-mail to test it.

Introduction to MIS 5
 Quick Quiz

1. What standard business forms would you want to create

electronically?

2. What security conditions would you impose when

installing expense report forms on a SharePoint server?

3. What are the benefits of using digital forms instead of

paper forms?

Introduction to MIS 5
 BlackScholesVB.xls

Technology Toolbox: Programming Excel

Function BlackScholes(CallPut As String, StockPrice As Double, ExercisePrice As Double, _
TimeLeft As Double, rate As Double, volatility As Double) As Double
Dim d1 As Double, d2 As Double
d1 = (Math.Log(StockPrice / ExercisePrice) + (rate + volatility ^ 2 / 2) * TimeLeft) / _
(volatility * Math.Sqr(TimeLeft))
d2 = d1 - volatility * Math.Sqr(TimeLeft)
If (Left(CallPut, 1) = "c") Then
BlackScholes = StockPrice * Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(d1) _
- ExercisePrice * Exp(-rate * TimeLeft) * Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(d2)
Else
BlackScholes = ExercisePrice * Exp(-rate * TimeLeft) * _
Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(-d2) - StockPrice * _
Application.WorksheetFunction.NormSDist(-d1)
End If
stock price 60 call 2.133368
End Function
exercise price 65 put 5.846282
time left 0.25
rate 0.08
volatility 0.3

=BlackSholes(“call”, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6)

Introduction to MIS 5
 Quick Quiz: Programming in Excel

1. What does the statement “If (ILeft(CallPut, 1) = “c”) do in

the code?
2. What security setting do you need for this function to
work?
3. How can a function directly alter several cells in a
spreadsheet?

Introduction to MIS 6
 Cases: Government Agencies

Annual Budget

18

16

14

12
NASA
Billion $

10
FAA
8
IRS
6

0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Introduction to MIS 6