c


V








 

  


 !
 


m A network is an interconnection of a
group of computers that can
communicate and share resources

m The need for connecting computers to

form computer networks arose due to
an increase in the business
requiremenet for sharing, processing
and distributing information
  
  c


’
haring information over the network

2 ptimum utilization of hardware

resources

3 entralization of data management

efore installing a network, the
layout, architecture and type of
network need to be decided In order
to have a good ground for these
decisions, we need to understand the
following:

J Network topology
J Network category
J Network model
 c



Network topology is a schematic layout
or map of the arrangement of nodes
over a network

This layout also determines the manner

in which information is exchanged within
the network

  
 
x
ome of the different types of topologies
widely used to setup a network are:

x us
x
tar
x Ring
x Mesh
x ellular
 


The bus topology connects all the nodes

to a main cable called bus

Information is sent to all the nodes on the

network Each node compares the
destination address with its own address
If they match, the node reads the data
therwise, it ignores the message
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

Easy installation ow fault tolerance

Inability to handle
Relatively high network traffic
inexpensive
ower scalability

Difficulty in
troubleshooting and
maintenance
 



The star topology connects nodes over a

network using a central control unit called
the hub

The number of nodes depends on the

capacity of the hub

All the information in the network passes thru

the hub
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

igher scalability igh cost of

installation
Easy in
troubleshooting and
ingle point of
maintenance failure
  


The ring topology connects the nodes on

a network through a point-to-point
connection

The information is passed from node to

node until it reaches its destination
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

revention of igh risk of network

collisions failure

Ease in Expensive setup and

troubleshooting and installation
maintenance
  


The mesh topology involves point-to-

point between all the nodes on the
network

The higher the number of nodes, the

more compex the design is
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

igh reliability Expensive

installation
igh suitability for
Wide Area Networks Difficult to maintain
and manage

omplex physical
layout
  


ellular topology is a wireless topology, where

geographical area is divided in cells or regions

Each cell has an main individual node in the

center All secondary nodes from one cell can
move to another cell

There are no physical links in the cellular

topology
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

Independent of Expensive
cabling media installation

Easy installation entral point of

failure
igh flexibility

igh mobility among

users
 c


 
The network category refers to the way in which
the network processes the information The
categories are:


erver-entric Networks: ne or more servers

process the requests centrally

 eer-to-eer Networks: No specific distinction

exists between a client and a server
   
 c



The server processes client requests based

on the priority associated with the request

It is highly reliable, but if a failure occurs at

the server end, a complete loss of data may
occur
 ë 
ë c



Any node can provide a service as well as request

a service from another node on the network

Each node on the network has full control over the

network resources owever, each user can only
access resources for which access privileges
have been granted to the user
 c


 
 
entralized: lients use the resources of
high-capacity servers to process the
information

Distributed: Allows all network computers to

take part in the processing , but at their
respective ends, separately

ollaborative: Is an advanced distributed

computing model In this model, nodes also
share processing capabilities

  c



  
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

entralized data ow performance

management and network speed

igh level of security entral point of

failure
ost effectiveness
V

 c



  
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

aster data access igher cost of

installation than in
igh reliability the centralized
model
ustomized network
setup

ptimized use of
resources

 c



  
 ADVANTAGE
DI
ADVANTAGE

Increased igher cost of

processing speed installation than in
the centralized
model

   
The physical channel that connects network
components is known as the transmission
medium

This medium determines the speed and

connectivity, as well as the overall performance
and the investments required

The transmission media include:

ables, which connect the network over relatively
short distances
Wireless carriers, which connect mobile
computers
  

These are the conventional media that are

used to setup networks When deciding the
type of cable to be used, you need to
consider factors such as the environment in
which the cabling is going to be
implemented and the overall speed
requirements of the network



 ë  


£


These are the most commonly used cables for

setting up networks They could be shielded or
unshielded

The maximum recommended length of these cables

is not more than ’ meters There might be electro
magnetic interference if they are unshielded
  

The structure of the coaxial cable consists of a

center conductor responsible for transmitting data

The outer conductor or shield protects this center

conductor from EMI, ensuring that data transmission
is not disrupted

A plastic jacket covers the cable and protects it from

damage
è oaxial cables are easy to install,
support higher transmission rates (’
Mbps and higher), suffer lower
attenuation rates, and are less sensitive
to EMI than twisted pair cables

è They are hard to reconfigure and

reinstall because of the hard covering

è Also, they are more expensive than

twisted pair cables
   
  

iber optic cables use light rays or lasers

rays instead of electricity to transmit
data This makes these cables a suitable
carrier of data in areas that are prone to
high levels of EMI or for long-distance
transmissions
  
The advantage of
the wireless
technology is that it
helps connect
distant networks,
without needing to
physically set up
cables between the
destination and the
source points
 
  
As a wireless
technology, radio
waves are the most
commonly used
medium of
communication This
popularity is attributed
to the easy generation
of radio waves and
their ability to travel
over long distances
without significant
distortions


  
Microwave
transmissions are
more expensive than
radio transmissions,
but send data over a
higher bandwidth

They are difficult to

install because they
require extreme
precision MW are also
susceptible to
atmospheric conditions
 !  
  

è They use infrared radiation to transmit data

è Infrared transmissions are used for data
transmission over short and medium range
distances of up to ’ kilometer
è There are two modes of transmission: line
of sight and scattered
 c

 
 

c
A Network perating
ystem (N
) is an
enhanced version of an perating
ystem
(
), with features that allow the
management and connectivity of nodes
within a network

N
also allows the sharing of information

and resources based on the accessibility
privileges allocated to each user or node
   c

Windows
erver (23, 2 )

Novell Netware

Unix

inux
erver
  
  
V
 
è
ti ir t r ( r r r


t r i)
è t  ri i

è irt l Pri t t r
è ri
l r r
è tri ltil r i

è t i
t ll ti
r i
 c c


V
 

è ll irtr ri )

è P/IP 
  l ti

è l tri

 ltir r rt
 £ 
V
 

è I
tr
t-  ri
è  ti ilit it iffr
t rtl
è tr rit ll f  )
 ¦ 
V
 

è
Li
 rr 
   t i l t

 
t t t  I
tr
t
è
Li
  i
 
   fftil

t I
tr
t  rr
è  ri
 f r r it i

 i
 tr t   rr
 !c
c

The Internet is a global system of

interconnected computer networks that use
the standard Internet rotocol
uite (T/I)
to serve billions of users worldwide

It is a network of networks that consists of

millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, of local to global
scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless and optical networking
technologies
The earlier computers used the technology
available at the time to allow communication
between the central processing unit and remote
terminals

As the technology evolved new systems were

devised to allow communication over longer
distances (for terminals) or with higher speed
(for interconnection of local devices) that were
necessary for the mainframe computer model

Using these technologies it was possible to

exchange data (such as files) between remote
computers
owever, the point to point communication model
was limited, as it did not allow for direct
communication between any two arbitrary
systems; a physical link was necessary

The technology was also deemed as inherently

unsafe for strategic and military use, because
there were no alternative paths for the
communication in case of an enemy attack

As a response, several research programs started

to explore and articulate principles of
communications between physically separate
systems, leading to the development of the packet
switching model of digital networking
These research efforts included those of the
laboratories of Vinton G erf at
tanford
University, Donald Davies (N), aul aran
(RAND orporation), and eonard Kleinrock at
MIT and at UA

The research led to the development of several

packet-switched networking solutions in the
late ’
s and ’
s, including ARANET,
Telenet, and the X 25 protocols Additionally,
public access and hobbyist networking systems
grew in popularity, including unix-to-unix copy
(UU) and idoNet
They were however still disjointed separate
networks, served only by limited gateways
between networks This led to the application
of packet switching to develop a protocol for
internetworking, where multiple different
networks could be joined together into a
super-framework of networks

y defining a simple common network system,

the Internet rotocol
uite, the concept of the
network could be separated from its physical
implementation
This spread of internetworking began to form into
the idea of a global network that would be called
the Internet, based on standardized protocols
officially implemented in ’
2

Adoption and interconnection occurred quickly

across the advanced telecommunication networks
of the western world, and then began to penetrate
into the rest of the world as it became the de-facto
international standard for the global network

owever, the disparity of growth between

advanced nations and the third-world countries led
to a digital divide that is still a concern today
ollowing commercialization and introduction of
privately run Internet service providers in the
’
s, and the Internet's expansion for popular
use in the ’

s, the Internet has had a drastic

impact on culture and commerce This includes
the rise of near instant communication by
electronic mail (e-mail), text based discussion
forums, and the World Wide Web

Investor speculation in new markets provided by

these innovations would also lead to the inflation
and subsequent collapse of the Dot-com bubble
ut despite this, the Internet continues to grow,
driven by commerce, greater amounts of online
information and knowledge and social networking
known as Web 2 

    
The World Wide Web, abbreviated
as WWW and commonly known as the
Web, is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet

With a web browser, one can view web

pages that may contain text, images,
videos, and other multimedia and
navigate between them via hyperlinks
Using concepts from
earlier hypertext
systems, English
engineer and computer
scientist
ir Tim
erners-ee, now the
Director of the World
Wide Web onsortium,
wrote a proposal in
March ’

for what
would eventually
become the World Wide
Web
At ERN in Geneva,

witzerland, erners-ee
and elgian computer
scientist Robert
ailliau proposed in ’


to use "yperText to
link and access
information of various
kinds as a web of nodes
in which the user can
browse at will", and
publicly introduced the
project in December
"The World-Wide
Web (W3) was
developed to be a
pool of human
knowledge, and
human culture,
which would allow
collaborators in
remote sites to
share their ideas
and all aspects of a
common project "

c
£


c
!c