Introduction

Data
-Bare facts and figures

Information
-Data that is organized into meaningful context

- It is processed data

-Supports the decision making process

- reduces uncertainty about a situation or event

Process of Generation of Information

It involves three activities:

(a) Data Acquisition
- Data is initially recorded and later verified for accuracy and authenticity.
- Data is captured by punching with keyboard or scanning with scanning devices, facts from
documents on which they were recorded.
- Data captured is organized in data files. Each file contains records relating to various data
elements (fields) expressed with the help of different symbols (characters).

(b) Data Transformation

- It is done by performing the following operations:
(i) Rearranging: also called sorting of data
(ii) Classifying
(iii) Calculating
(iv) Summarizing

(c) Management of Information

• The processed data maybe either communicated to end user or maybe stored for future
reference.
• One decides the report format, appropriate channel of communication to provide information.
• If stored, one decides to store it on some mass storage.
 MIS

IS

3
 Management
“ Management can be defined as a use of resources effectively and
economically to achieve the desired results or meet the targeted
performance level ” (or utilization of resources in proper manner using
appropriate skills, approaches and techniques)

A manager is required to perform following activities-

• Determination of organizational objectives and developing plans to
achieve them.
• Securing and organizing human and other resources in order to
achieve the desired objectives.
• Exercising adequate control over the functions.
• Monitoring the results to ensure that the targeted goals are achieved
as per the plan.
 Levels of Management

Upper or Top or Strategic Management

Strategic

Middle or Tactical Management

Tactical

Operational
Lower level Management

Three levels of management

 Lower or Operational level Management
• They make structured decisions (Operational decisions).
– Structured decision : Predictable decision that can be made following a
well defined set of routine procedures.
– Tend to be repetitive and well defined
• Most decisions at this level require defined information that
relates to the current status and activities within the basic
business functions.
• Information is gained from reports which contain information
about routine activities.
• Detailed tasks defined by middle management are carried out by
people at operational level.
 Middle or Tactical Management
• Acquire and arrange the resources (Computers, people etc) to meet the
goals of an organization.
• Define the detailed tasks to be carried out at the operational level.
• Information needed involves review, summarization and analysis of data
to help, plan and control operations and implement policy that has been
formulated by upper management.
• Information is usually given to middle managers as summarized reports.
• Deals with semi structured decisions (Tactical decisions)
– Semi structured decisions that must be made without a base of clearly defined
all the informational procedures.
• Information Requirement and Methodology-Known
– In most cases a semi structured decision is complex, requiring detailed
analysis and extensive computations.
– Manager’s experience and intuition play important part in Decision Making
E.g. Selecting the location to build a new warehouse
Information required: Land Cost and shipping cost(known)
Labour (local) attitude/aptitude
Natural hazards(judgment and evaluation)
 Upper or Top or Strategic Management

• Decides on the broad objectives of an organization.

• Make unstructured decisions. (Strategic decision)
– Unstructured decisions are the most complex type of
decisions and are rarely based on predetermined routine
procedures.
– Tend to be unique
– Information needed for decision making is unpredictable
– They involve subjective judgments of the decision maker.
E.g Policy formulation for the allocation of resources
 Management

MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Activities
MARKETING

PERSONNEL
PRODUCTION

LOGISTICS

FINANCE

TOP
STRATEGIC

ACTIVITIES
PLANNING

MANAGEMENT
CONTROL

OPERATIONAL
CONTROL

TRANSACTION
PROCESSING

THE STRUCTURE OF MIS CAN ALSO BE DESCRIBED IN TERMS

OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL FUNCTIONS AS DEPCTED ABOVE

 Information
“Information is data that has been processed into a form that is
meaningful to the recipient and is of real or perceived value in current or
progressive decision”

A data processing system processes data to generate information.

The quality of information determines the quality of action or
decision.

The data information cycle can be expressed as –

1. Idea
2. Data
3. Information
4. Knowledge
5. Intelligence

The source and destination for any information can be –

International, National, Industry, Corporate, Department and Individual
Knowledge
• Consists of facts, truths, beliefs, perspectives, concepts, judgments
and expectations, methodologies and know-how.
- Human capacity (potential & actual ability) to take effective action in varied
and uncertain situations.
- It is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained
in the form of experience or learning.
- It is a subset of Information that has been extracted, filtered, or formatted .

Wisdom/Intelligence
- It is the application of knowledge expressed in principles to arrive at
prudent, decisions about conflicting situations.
- Applied knowledge
System

An assembly of inter-related elements comprising a unified whole.

The components (elements) are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of
information, matter or energy.

It works towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs.

Control
System

Feedback

Input Process Output

What is Information System?

It is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications

networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminates
information in an organization.

Evolution of Information System

Enterprise & Internetworking (1990s/2000s)
e.g. internet worked IS, Intranet, Extranet,
Internet, etc.

Strategic & End User Support (1980s/1990s)

e.g. Expert System, etc.

Decision Support System (1970s/1980s)

Management Reporting (1960s/1970s)

e.g. MIS
Data Processing (1950s/1960s)
E.g. EDPS, TPS, etc.
Components of an Information Systems

14
Elements/Resources/Components of IS

Computer Hardware
•Refers to computer systems and other associated equipment including the communication links
that a modern IT installation may need.
•One needs to assess the nature of IT needs, the volume of data to be processed, sources of data,
complexity of data analysis and impact of other related factors to determine the hardware
resources.

Computer Software
It is the lifeline of the IT infrastructure and it makes the computer hardware function.
It is set of interrelated computer programs.

Data
Collection of facts or events from both internal and external sources represented in the form of
symbols, such as digits, alphabets, pictures, graphs, etc.
Capturing, processing and storage of data are the essential functions.

Human/People Resource
They are the catalyst in process of generation of information and very vital.

Procedures
It includes the operational and control procedures for the use of IT infrastructure.
It contains instructions for users regarding the use of IT infrastructure for day to day activities and
handling specific situations.
Roles of IS

-Focuses on competitive priorities

- Supports Business Process and operations
-Provide access to information
-Enhance communications
-Provide decision assistance
-Supports strategies for competitive advantage

The three major roles of the business applications of IS:

Support Strategies
for CA

Support Business
Decision Making

Support business Processes & Operations

1.Cost Leadership
• The low cost leader in any market gains competitive advantage from being
able to many to produce at the lowest cost.
• Factories are built and maintained, labor is recruited and trained to deliver
the lowest possible costs of production. 'cost advantage' is the focus. Costs
are shaved off every element of the value chain.
• Products tend to be 'no frills.' However, low cost does not always lead to low
price. Producers could price at competitive parity, exploiting the benefits of a
bigger margin than competitors.
• Some organizations, such as Toyota, are very good not only at producing
high quality autos at a low price, but have the brand and marketing skills to
use a premium pricing policy.
2. Differentiation
• Differentiated goods and services satisfy the needs of customers through a
sustainable competitive advantage.
• This allows companies to desensitize prices and focus on value that
generates a comparatively higher price and a better margin.
• The benefits of differentiation require producers to segment markets in order
to target goods and services at specific segments, generating a higher than
average price. For example, British Airways differentiates its service.
• The differentiating organization will incur additional costs in creating their
competitive advantage.
• These costs must be offset by the increase in revenue generated by sales.
Costs must be recovered.
• There is also the chance that any differentiation could be copied by
competitors. Therefore there is always an incentive to innovated and
continuously improve.
3. Focus or Niche strategy
• The focus strategy is also known as a 'niche' strategy. Where an
organization can afford neither a wide scope cost leadership nor a wide
scope differentiation strategy, a niche strategy could be more suitable.
• Here an organization focuses effort and resources on a narrow, defined
segment of a market. Competitive advantage is generated specifically for
the niche.
• A niche strategy is often used by smaller firms. A company could use
either a cost focus or a differentiation focus.
• With a cost focus a firm aims at being the lowest cost producer in that
niche or segment.
• With a differentiation focus a firm creates competitive advantage through
differentiation within the niche or segment. There are potentially
problems with the niche approach. Small, specialist niches could
disappear in the long term.
• Cost focus is unachievable with an industry depending upon economies
of scale e.g. telecommunications.
 Types of Information Systems

Information
Systems

Operations Management
Support Support
Systems Systems

Transaction Process Enterprise Management Decision Executive

Processing Control Collaboration Information Support Information
Systems Systems Systems Systems Systems Systems
Types of Information Systems
Two categories depending upon their focus on the kind of
activities in a business enterprise

1. Operations Support Systems

2. Management Support Systems

Operations Support Systems

- Focus on the operations of the enterprise
- Objective is to improve the operational efficiency
- Use internal data primarily
- For lower level of managers
- Classified into the following categories
a) Transaction Processing System
b) Process Control System
c) Enterprise Collaboration System
a) Transaction Processing Systems
-Focus on the recording and processing of economic events (transactions)

-It processes transactions in two ways – batch and real-time (or online)

-It encompasses the entire gamut of daily routines of the enterprise including financial
accounting, inventory control, payroll, sales order processing system.

-TPS s were one of the earliest computerized systems that organizations used to
capture valuable decision-making data and to conduct every day business.

- Almost all organizations have manual or automated TPS. Examples of TPS

Coffee shop
Bank
Doctor
Nasdaq- the e-stock exchange handles up to 1000 stock transaction /second

-TPS are considered the backbone of many organizations without it managers couldn’t
make basic decisions such as how many items to produce?

- Transaction can be internal or external

Internal: occurring inside the organization
External: occurring outside the company, customer places an order from a
company catalog
-Few years ago a separate transaction systems existed for each department in a
company

- Now many organizations are integrating the TPS systems of each department
so that users can see how their decision affect other parts of the organization
and the customers.

-TPS are the “data lifeline” of a company for several reasons:

•If a company fails to capture a transaction it may lead not only to customer
dissatisfaction and lost profit but also to serious penalties and lawsuits.

•TPS s become the source of data for other systems in the organization. If
analyzed and integrated it will give business key information about new company
plans.

•TPS is a link between the organization and external entities, such as suppliers,
customers & distributors.
 Steps in Processing a
Transaction
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Process the
Enter data Validate data data into
information

Step 6 Step 5 Step 4

Store the
Support user Generate
processed
queries output
data
 Steps in Processing a Transaction
1. Data entry: enter data by using input devices such as ATM it called data
source document
2. Validation: ensure the accuracy and reliability of data.
3. Processing: once the company validate the accuracy & reliability of data
the system processes and converts data into information. There are two
types of processing.
(a) On-line Transaction Processing (OLTP)
 the data input device is directly linked to the system to be
processed.
 “some times linked to the system via the network or
telecommunication.”
 example Bank ATM, student registration for classes, travel agent
flight reservation.
 On-line processing is possible because of networks and
databases.
 (b) Batch Processing
Processing that done on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis or any
period of time.
Disadvantages of batch processing
 The information in the files may not up-to-date.
 Some errors may be detected only after the entire batch is
processed in on-line processing errors can be detected right
away.
 Which type of processing is better?
It depends on the users decision making needs.

4. Data storage: to store the processed data in a proper way.

The kind of processing and type of storage medium are to some extent
related.
 Steps in Processing a Transaction
5. Output generation
– Convert data into useful format
– Different users need different formats at different times
5. Query support the last step is to query or ask system questions.
 Characteristics/Features of a
Transaction Processing System
• Records internal and external transactions that take place in a
company
• Is used mostly by lower-level managers to make operational decisions
• Handles and stores large Volume of Data
• Automation of basic operations
• Benefits are easily measurable
• Stores data that are frequently accessed by other systems, i.e. it acts
as a source of input for other systems
• Is ideal for routine, repetitive tasks
• Records transactions in batch mode or on-line
• Requires six steps to process a transaction—data entry, validation,
data processing, storage, output generation, and query support
b) Process Control System
Monitors & control physical process

c) Enterprise Collaboration Systems

-Enhance team and workgroup communication and productivity, and include

applications that are sometimes called office automation system.

It facilitates the following activities:

-Producing outgoing documents (using text processors)

- storage & retrieval of documents (using document management system)

-transmission of messages (using message communication systems)

- scheduling and meeting management (using video conferencing)

Management Support System
- Information System application focus on providing information and
support for effective decision making by managers.

- Classified into following categories

a) Management Information System
b) Decision Support System
c) Executive Support System
a) Management Information Systems
- Aims at meeting the information needs of managers, particularly with
regard to the current and past operations of the enterprise.

- Offers summary and exception reports on the operations of the

enterprise

Summary Report :A report that accumulates data from several transactions and
presents the results in a condensed form.
Exception Report: A report that outlines any deviations between actual output and
expected output.

- The main input to an MIS is usually the transaction processing system and
other internal company sources
Benefits of MIS:
1. Provide middle managers with information to make semistructured
decisions.
2. Information generated by an MIS helps managers understand the
day-to-day operations of the company
3. Helps managers implement the tactical goals of the company.
• MIS is a group of general-purpose, well-integrated systems that
monitor and control the internal operations of an organization.

Features
• Summary and exception Information
• Operational Control
• Focus on Internal Information
• Structured and semi-structured Decision
 Relationship between a TPS and MIS

• The main goal of TPS is to record & process company

transaction.
• While the main goal of MIS is to produce summary &
exception reports for making tactical decisions.
• The output of a TPS & other company sources are the
input of MIS
• TPS usually helps managers with operational decisions,
while MIS helps managers make tactical decisions over a
longer period of time.
• Both systems must work together in harmony to meet the
company’s information needs.
b) Decision Support System

-Gives direct computer support to managers during the decision making process.

-- offers flexibility to manager to decide the input data, tool of analysis, depth of
analysis and reliance on the outcome of analysis for decision making. The users have
full control of the system.

-- offers an interactive environment for users and thus permits managers to

experiment with data and model to develop the optimal decision making strategy.

-It has a User friendly interface

- report generators and graphical facilities

-Flexibility of use in various unexpected decision situation.

- DSS:- A set of interactive software programs that provide managers with data, tools,
and models to make semistructured decisions.

-Some activities that a DSS can perform:

Selecting the best loan package to meet your needs.
Identifying an ideal location for a store
 Managers should answer two types of questions
What? …Why?

What Why
Computers are excellent at People are excellent at
computations applying intuition & judgment
(answering what questions) to solve problems
(answering why questions)

DSS uses computer computations and put them into models that systemize
decision processes
 Components of a Decision
Support System
1. Database management system (DBMS): a
piece of software that controls, manages, and
maintains internal & external data.
2. Model management system: a system that
stores and processes the models that managers
use to make decisions.
3. Support tools: tools that help users to interact
and interface with a decision support system.
 Characteristics of a decision support system

A DSS has five main characteristics:

1. DSS integrates data & models so that it is easier for
managers to make good decisions.
2. DSS helps managers see how decision interrelate and the
effects of one decision on others.
3. It supports a wide variety of decision-making styles.
4. It helps managers make decisions under dynamic or
changing business conditions
5. DSS allows users to query the system for a specific
answers.
 Features of a decision support system
A DSS has three features that are extremely useful to managers :
1. What-if analysis 2. Goal seeking 3.risk analysis

1. What-if analysis: The study of the impact of a change in the

input data on the proposed solution. ex. Product pricing
Complex decision because decision maker must consider many
internal & external information
A DSS can help manager to answer “what if questions”
– What if the price of raw materials increased by 10%
– What if the product demand increased
– If the competitors reduce the price by 5%
 Features of a decision support system
con..
2. Goal seeking: help managers determine what they
should do to achieve a certain goal.
Ex.1 The goal to increase sales of its top-selling
product by 10%. A DSS can show different ways to
achieve. Ex.2 What grade should student get to
achieve A in the course.

3. Risk analysis: A DSS calculates the risk associated

with each alternatives.
A Simple Decision-Making
Model

Internal Data

• What-if Analysis
• Goal Seeking
Decision-making • Problem Solving
Models • Generate Alternatives
• Assess Risk

External Data
 Decision Models
• Statistical Models allow user to perform a wide range of statistical
functions (average, standard deviation, graphic analysis….)

• Financial and Accounting Models to measure and assess the

financial implications of different alternatives. (profit-or-lose analysis,
cost-benefit analysis….)

• Production Models help to estimate number of machines to operate,

amount of material required to meet the predetermined demand

• Marketing Models help marketing managers make a wide variety of

decisions (product pricing, store location, advertising strategies..)

• Human Resource Models help managers to make decisions that

involve in company personnel (assessing training needs estimating
future personnel needs evaluating hiring & firing policies.
Benefits
- evaluation of a larger number of alternatives
- modeling and forecasting becomes easy
- useful in intra group and inter group communication
- in depth analysis of data and thus more effective use of data resource
c) Executive Information Systems (EIS)
1. Top managers do not have the time to study and analyze large
volume of data. They need an IS that will analyze the data & present
it in elegant manner so they can have quick & effective decisions.
2. The system that deliver high level information in a friendly way is
called EIS.
3. An EIS consists of tools & techniques, such as color graphics, touch
screens, voice activated commands, and distribute large volumes of
data quickly and effectively.
4. Provides critical information from both internal and external sources
to easy-to-use displays to managers
5. The managers get tailored made formats they prefer.
6. Focus more on delivery of information by top managers than
generation of information.
• The main difference between DSS & EIS is that EIS is used
to deliver & display information (information delivery), while
DSS is used to analyze a problem(problem solving)
• Today many systems are a combination of DSS & EIS,
these systems are known as Executive Support System
• An EIS has many features that a DSS has, such as drill-
down, which allows employees to obtain summary or
detailed data with a few simple keystrokes.
Drill-down:
• The ability to provide information at the level of detail
that the decision maker demands.
• It may continue through several layers of details
EIS: information system that analyzes and
presents information to executive decision makers
in a useful, friendly, and customized format.

Applications of EIS
- Executive Briefing
- Personalized Analysis
- Exceptions Reporting
- Model based analysis
 DSS and EIS Characteristics
• DSS and EIS provide middle and top managers with decision support.
• Both DSS and EIS are intuitive, interactive, user-friendly systems.
• DSS and EIS are menu-driven and often have excellent color and
graphic capabilities.
• Both systems use internal and external data to solve problems.
• A DSS uses internal and external data and different decision-making
models to provide managers with alternatives to a given problem. An
EIS provides managers with expert information in the form of analysis
and reports.
• Both systems are equipped with decision-making tools such as “what-
if” analysis and ‘goal seeking”. EIS is also equipped with drill-down
capabilities.
• A DSS can support both individual and group decision making. DSS
that support group decision making are known as group decision
support systems (GDSS).
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
Expert Systems (ES)
• Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science that
studies the design and development of computer systems
that mimic human intelligence.
• Intelligence defined as a set of characteristics or
attributes.
• AI includes several areas of specialization such as
1. Computer vision: the computers ability to recognize &
identify objects.
2. Speech recognition: the computers ability to understand a
human voice.
3. Natural language: the ability to communicate with a
computer the way the humans communicate with each
other.
4. Robots: machines capable of human like movement.
 Expert System
One of the AI fields is Expert System (ES)
• Expert systems are computer programs that capture
the knowledge of a human expert and use it to solve
complex problems.
• Knowledge appears in different forms in an
organization such as an innovative ideas for a
products, a new way to motivate employees, a new
production method…..
• The main goal of ES is to capture knowledge of experts
in all forms and use it to solve complex problems of an
organization in a relatively narrow domain.
• ES is versatile and can help with many kinds of
problems.
 Components of an Expert
System
• ES can capture and apply the knowledge of human expert by joining
three main components:
1. Knowledge base
2. Inference engine
3. User interface

User Poses Problem User

Inference
Interface
Engine Knowledge Base
1. Components of an ES Knowledge base
Knowledge Acquisition
• Knowledge base consists of facts, theorem, cases, forms,
texts, graphics, spreadsheets, principles & rules, that
experts use to solve a given problem.
• The information in the knowledge base comes from many
sources such as the human experts, books, journals,
databases & others. Managers also can gain knowledge
from observation, formal & informal interviews &
questionnaires. This is known as knowledge acquisition.
• Knowledge acquisition: the process of acquiring
knowledge from different sources.
Components of an ES knowledge base

Knowledge representation
• The process of representing the knowledge of experts in a
language that the computer can understand.
• There are different approaches to knowledge representation on
of the most popular ways to represent knowledge is using IF –
THEN rules.
• Expert system that use IF-THEN rules are called rule based
systems.
Example IF car lights were left on AND car doesn't start
THEN the battery is dead (99%)
 Knowledge Base
Human Books others
experts

Journals Knowledge Databases

Experts captures & acquires this knowledge

Knowledge acquisition

Experts represents knowledge in the system

Knowledge representation

Facts, rules, theorem, & principles

Knowledge Base
 2.Inference engine
• The inference engine is similar to the reasoning of the
human brain. Two popular reasoning possesses an expert
system uses:
1. Forward chaining 2.backward chaining
In forward chaining, the inference engine begins with a
set of known facts, analyze the data and looks for solutions
that match the data set.
In backward chaining, the inference engine begins with a
goal and search for data, facts, and other evidence that
support this goal.
Inference engine: a component of expert system that
perform a reasoning function that results in advice to the
user.
 forward chaining
Rule 3
Data start Rule 1
Rule 2 Rule 4 Goal End

Rule 3
Rule 1 Data End
Goal start Rule 4 Rule 2
backward chaining

3.User interface
• User interface combines the knowledge base & inference
engine in such a way that makes it easy for the user to
interact with the system.
 Characteristics of an Expert
System
• An expert system is a software program that captures
the knowledge and problem-solving skills of a human
expert.
• Expert systems are ideally suited for problems that
require knowledge, intuition, and judgment.
• Expert systems, unlike DSS and EIS, can replace the
decision maker.
• The three main components in an expert system are
the knowledge base, the inference engine, and the
user interface.
Benefits of an Expert System
- Coding of expertise
- Enhanced understanding of business process
- Timely availability of expertise
- Easy replication
- Strategic Application

Limitations
- Limited Focus
- Inability to learn
- Maintenance problems and developmental costs
- Limited domain of knowledge
Types of Information Systems and Levels of Management

EIS

Top
DSS
Middle
MIS
Lower
TPS

Expert Systems
 Knowledge Management Systems
-Used for managing knowledge in organization, supporting creation, capture, storage
and dissemination of information

-Idea is to enable employees to have ready access to the organization documented

base of facts, sources of information and solutions.

- A KM System could be any of the following:

* Document based
* Provide network maps
* AI technologies which use a customized representation scheme to represent the
problem domain.

Create Capture
KMS Cycle
Refine
Knowledge

Disseminate Manage Store

Knowledge – information that is contextual, relevant and actionable.
Knowledge is information in action and is exercised to solve a problem

Knowledge is of two types –

Explicit knowledge- deals with more objective, rational and technical
knowledge
Implicit Knowledge- cumulative store of subjective or experiential
learning

MIS focus on explicit knowledge

KMS refers to the use of modern technologies – the internet, intranets,
extranets.

Benefits
-Sharing of valuable organizational information
- reducing redundant work
- reducing training time for new employees
 IS for Strategic Advantage

IS and Business Strategy

Strategic Information Systems

• Definition: Computer systems at any level of an organization that
change the goals, processes, products, services, or environmental
relationships to help the organization gain a competitive advantage.
• Strategic information systems alter the way a firm conducts its
business or the very business of the firm itself.
• It can be of any kind of information system (DSS, TPS, MIS, etc.)
Strategic use of IT

Building a customer focus business

Reengineering Business Processes

Improving Business Quality

Becoming an agile company

Creating a virtual company

Building a knowledge creating company

The challenge of strategic IS

 SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

SALES & MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM

S YS TE M D E S C R IP T IO N O R G A N IZ A T

O R D E R P R O C E SESNINT G
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P R IC IN G A N A L Y SDISE T E R M IN E P R IC E S MAN AG EME

S A L E S T R E N D S P R E P A R E 5 - Y E A R F O R E C AS ST TR SA T E G IC
MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
SYSTEM

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F A C IL IT IE S L O C A T IOD NE C ID E W H E R E T O L O C A T E F ASCTILR IT
A TIE
FINANCE & ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
SYSTEM
S YS T EM D E S C R IP T IO N O R G A N IZA T IO N A L L E V E L

A C C O U N T S R E C E I VTARBALCEK M O N E Y O W E D T O OFPI REMR A T I O N A L

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P R O F I T P L A N N I N G P L A N L O N G -T E R M P R O F I ST ST R A T E G I C
HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION
SYSTEM

S YS T E M D E S C R IP T IO N ORGA

T R A IN IN G & D E V E L O P M E NT TR A C K T R A IN IN G , S K IL L S , A P P R AOISP A
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M O N IT O R W A G E S , S A L A R IE S , B EMN AENF A
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H U M A N R E S O U R C E S P L APNLNAINNGL O N G - T E R M L A B O R F O R C ES TNREAET