|
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2
  

 
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 A O
 is simply two or more computers

that are linked together.
 phe most common types of networks are:
 O
  
 O
 and
 ?

  
 ?

 phe primary difference between the two is
that a O
 is generally confined to a limited
geographical area, whereas a ?
 covers a
large geographical area. Most ?
 are
made up of several connected O


  |


 O

O [ a network that spans a
small area such as a building or an office.
r 2oftware applications and other resources are stored on a
u .
r -
 
multiple users to share the same
printer.
 ? 
? [ a network that spans a
wide geographical area; there are several types of
WAN2
r Metropolitan area network (MAN)
r Public access network (PAN)
r Value added network (VAN)
r Virtual private network (VPN)

  |

 ›

 [ An intranet is a private LAN designed for
use by everyone within an organization. An intranet
might consist of an internal e-mail system, a message
board and one or more Web site portals that contain
company news, forms, and personnel information.
Access to an intranet¶s web site is restricted by a
u
^
 Y 
 [ a network that connects people within
your company with people who are outside your
company--all within a secure, password-protected
network that can be accessed from anywhere.

http://www.clienthelpdesk.com/dictionary

j
j 
 


 

j  
 X | 
 
|

 ›O
O  O Authorized users can use other
computers on the network to access and share information and data.
phis could include special group projects, databases, etc.

 ë
  O Vne device connected to a network,

such as a printer or scanner, can be shared by many users.

 
  O ›nstead of purchasing and installing a

software program on each computer, it can be installed on the server.
All of the users can then access the program from a single location.



 O O O
 sers can work together on
group projects by combining the power and capabilities of diverse
equipment.

Ambrose, Bergerud, Busche, Morrison, and Wells-Pusins: IC3 BASICS, Thomson Course Technology, 2003
  |

 

|
 phe security of a computer network is
challenged everyday by:
r Equipment malfunctions
r 2ystem failures
 Note: equipment malfunctions and system failures may
be caused by natural disasters such as floods, storms, or
fires, and electrical disturbances
r Computer hackers
r Virus attacks

Ambrose, Bergerud, Busche, Morrison, and Wells-Pusins: IC3 BASICS, Thomson Course Technology, 2003
 
|
|










r po transfer data from one computer to another

requires some type of link through which the data
can be transmitted. phis link is known as the
O 
O OO 
r po send data through the channel requires some
type of
O  O 
 which may be either
physical or wireless.
  
 p 

   [ consists of two independently
insulated wires twisted around each other (least
expensive type of cable²the kind that is used in many telephone
systems)

   [ consists of an insulated center wire
grounded by a shield of braided wire (the primary type of
cabling used by the cable television industry; it is more expensive than
twisted pair)
 a  
  [ contains hundreds of clear
fiberglass or plastic fibers (threads) (made from thin, flexible
glass tubing; bandwidth is greater, so it can carry more data; it is lighter
than metal wires and is less susceptible to interference; it is fragile and
expensive)
 ›  O [ a special digital telephone line that
transmits and receives information at very high
speeds
auller, aloyd, Computers: Understanding Technology: EMC Paradigm, 2003.
    
 u  
 [ transmits data via high-
frequency radio signals through the atmosphere
 


 [ receive transmitted signals, amplify
them, and then transmit the signals to the appropriate
locations


O [ uses antennae resembling
telephone towers to pick up radio signals within a
specific area (cell)
 ›O

O [ transmits data as infrared light
waves from one device to another, providing wireless
links between PCs and peripherals
   
 ½
  ½   
   
½     


auller, aloyd, Computers: Understanding Technology: EMC Paradigm, 2003.

  |


 
 Networks are usually classified using
three properties:
 p
 






 |


 
 
 p  
 [ refers to the way
computers and peripherals are configured to form
networks
r X
 [ all computers are linked by a single
line of cable
r 

 [ multiple computers and peripheral
devices are linked to a central computer, called a


r m O
 [ each computer or workstation is
connected to two other computers, with the entire
network forming a circle
r ë

 [ combine network layout
types to meet their needs
 |

|
|


 
 is simply an agreed-on set of
rules and procedures for transmitting data
between two or more devices.
 a  
 
:
r How the sending device indicates it has finished
sending the message.
r How the receiving device indicates it has received
the message.
r phe type of error checking to be used.

Ambrose, Bergerud, Busche, Morrison, and Wells-Pusins: IC3 BASICS, Thomson Course Technology, 2003
 |

|
|



 Most networks use Y
 O
, but some

network may use ›Xu  p O m O
protocol.
 Vn the ›nternet, the major protocol is

-
›- (an acronym for pransmission
Control Protocol/›nternet Protocol).

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

   |
 |

X

 Ethernet LANs use a bus
topology.
 All stations are connected to
a single long cable.
 Any station can send a signal
along the cable, which all
other stations will
receive. nlike ring
topologies, the cable doesn't
close a loop.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/


 |||

 A token passing ring LAN is a
group of computers connected in
a loop. phe group uses a token
passing access mechanism.
 A computer wishing to send data
should first receive
permission. When it gets control
of the network it may transmit a
frame. Each frame transmitted
on the ring is transmitted from
one computer to the next, until it
ultimately returns to the initiator of
the transmission.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

|
|



Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

 |
| 
|


 ë   
O 
  
  O   
 

O  O

  O   

 m  
  
     
O 

  

    O O
  O
 O


  O
 O

 m
   
O 
   

 O
     O


  O
O



O
O
 
  O 
  
 O
 



 O 
O 
 O
   O

 X
  O 
  
 O
 



 O 
O 
 O

   O

 
X

phe original Ethernet LANs relied on certain physical

characteristics of the cable carrying the network data
(usually coaxial cable). New Ethernet technologies
introduced new cable types that we unable to fulfill the
original physical requirements. New devices - hubs -
were introduced to simulate those characteristics.
2imply put, the hub's major function is to replicate data it
receives from one device attached to it to all others.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

   

A common problem in the networking world is that of weakening
electrical signals. Electrical signals traveling through wires (such as
copper wires used in most networks), weaken due to the wire's
electrical resistance. phis effect limits the lengths of the cable that can
be used. A repeater will overcome this limit, when there is a need to
connect two computers at a larger distance.
A repeater is connected to two cable segments. Any electrical signal
reaching the repeater from one segment, will be amplified and
retransmitted to the other segment.

½


 ½   
phe electrical signal entering the repeater at one end is weakened.
phe repeater amplifies the electrical signals and resends the data.
Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/
 



 mouters connect two or more networks and forward data

packets between them. When data arrives from one of
the segments, the router decides, according to it's routing
table, to which segment to forward that data.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

 


 Ú atewayÚ is a term that was once used to refer to a routing

device. poday, in the pCP/›P world, the term ÚrouterÚ is used to
describe such a device.

phe term gateway now refers to special-purpose devices, that perform

protocol conversions. ateways implement application layer
conversions of information received from various protocols.

 Examples of gateways found on today's markets are:

r Vocalpec ateway: A gateway that converts human speech traveling on
analog phone lines into local area network protocol data, and visa-versa.
r madVision ateway: Converts video from digital phone lines into local area
network protocol data, and visa-versa.
Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/
  

½


 ½

½  
 

 
½ 

A modem is a device that converts digital data originating from a

terminal or computer, to analog signals used by voice
communication networks such as the telephone system. At one
end, modems convert the digital pulses to audible tones and
convert audio tones back to digital pulses at the other.
phe word ÚModemÚ stands for Úu dulator-
uodulatorÚ.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

  
 p 
½

½


Modems are available in different transmission speeds, which

are measured in BP2 (bits per second) also called BA
rate.
2tandard modems speeds: 9600 baud, 14400 baud, 28800
baud, 33600 baud, 56800 baud.

 › 
 

›nternal modems are electronic cards. An internal modem is

installed in one of the computer's expansion slot.
External modems are fully functioning external devices. phe
external modem is connected to a computer using a serial
cable to one of the computer's serial ports, and draws power
from an external power source.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

    
 

 airewalls are systems that establish access control policies

among networks. phey can block information from entering
a network or from getting out of that network, they can
permit different users to perform different kinds of
operations, according to the user's authorizations.

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

 |





 
 

 [ refers to the way a
network is designed and built. phe two major
types are:
r  
  

 [ Computers connect
with each other in a workgroup to share files,
printers, and ›nternet access. phis is used to
connect a small number of computers.
r
 O
   

 [ sends information from
a client computer to a server, which then relays the
information back to the client computer, or to other
computers on the network

Networks for Beginners: http://compnetworking.about.com/

 
|
|


ü a  
u
a- [ used to transmit files.
ü 2   
u
2 - [ used to
transmit e-mail messages.
ü -   uu

-- [ allows the recipient to
retrieve messages.
ü ? 


 [ enables wireless
devices to access and use the ›nternet using a
client/server network.
ü a
 
 for wireless LAN technology
 

| |



 XO


 

O  O

O   

   O
r
O
O  O [ takes the form of
continuous waves transmitted over a medium at a
certain frequency rage
r  

O  O [ sends data in the form of bits

       
  

r   
O  O [ all of the data bits are
transmitted one bit after another in a continuous
line
r  
O  O [ data bits are sent at the
same time along multiple paths
 
|
|



 Yu  
 [ used to send and receive

electronic messages using the ›nternet
 ?  X  [ allows users to access and
view Web pages
  [ allows groups of people on a
network to share information and to
collaborate on various projects