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6




       


6
 
 
    
  

 ½
  
 


‡ Rotating the shaft is the ultimate goal of any power plant.

‡ As you have probably noticed, from the text and pictures on

Steam Generators, there is no shaft.

‡ Which leads to the question:

"now that you have all this super energized steam or Gas, how do
you get work from it ? "

A boilers / Combustor is only one part of a larger operation,

granted, it's a large part but most important part of the operation
is it's ability to apply all this steam power.
 

‡ The more modern method of extracting mechanical energy from
thermal energy is the steam turbine.
‡ Steam turbines have been the norm in various land based power
plants for many years.
‡ Motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change
in momentum of a jet of steam impinging on a curved blade
which is free to rotate.
‡ The steam is (partially or fully) expanded in a nozzle, resulting in
the emission of a high/medium/low velocity jet.
‡ This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft.
‡ Here it undergoes a change of direction and/or magnitude of
motion which gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a
force.
Generation of Motive Power Through
Newton¶s Second Law

` 


 

`

Work is said to be done by a system iff

The sole effect external to the system
can be reduced to raising of weight
 Analysis of Simple Stationary Impulse Blade
‡ Consider a stationary 180 degree
curved blade.
Ve
‡ A jet with a velocity Vi incidence on
the blade.
‡ The blade deflects the jet along its FA
surface and finally the jet leaves with a
velocity Ve. FR
‡ The magnitude of velocity vector
remains unchanged. Vi
‡ However, the direction changes

through 180 degrees. ù
FA m > ËVi
‡ Ve = - Vi
‡ The change in velocity : - 2 Vi.
‡ A jet with a finite mass flow rate will
The force acting on the blade:
experience a rate of change of

momentum, FA: F m ËV
R ù i

However, this force cannot develop any motive power.

 Analysis of Simple Moving Impulse Blade
Vre = -Vri Vae = Vre -U

Vri = Vai - U Vai

 > ri >½ >ù
i >½ >½ >
i > ˽

r > ri >Ëù
i >½

 
>Ë ù
i >½ b  ½  ½





 
Ë ù
i >½ b Ë ù
i >½ ½
 ]inetic power lost by the jet :

KP
m Ë
Ë
ù
V ai > V aË
m Ë
Ë
ù
V ai >
> Vai > ˽ Ë




Ë ù
i >½ ½

|ower lost by jet = |ower gained by the Blade

nitial |ower of the jet : mV aiË
KPinput
Ë
Thermodynamic efficiency of an impulse blade :


KP Ë mùVai > ½ ½ 4ùVai > ½ ½
½  ½  
Ë

i.blad

4 >


KPinput m V aiË V aiË Vai  Vai  
 
Ë

6n efficient impulse blade is bulky «« Suitable for Dense fluids«

 Analysis of Simple Reaction Blade

Vai Vri U
Vre Vae
ri
i ¦½
 r >½

Dhange in velocity :
>

mùVr > Vri
r ri
FA m
V


FR > mùVr > Vri


Motive |ower Generated: P >½ > FR mùVr > Vri ½


Motive |ower Generated: P >½  > FR mùVa > Vai > ˽ ½

Thermodynamic efficiency of a Reaction blade :

KP mùVr > Vri ½ ËùVr > Vri ½
i.blad
KP ¦ KPit



m V aË ËùVr > Vri ½ ¦ V aË
mùVr > Vri ½ ¦
Ë
ËùVa > Vai > ˽ ½
i.blad
ËùVa > Vai > ˽ ½ ¦ V aË

6 compact Reaction blade is inefficient ««Suitable for Thin fluids«

 Simple mpulse-Reaction Blade

Vre Vae

Vri Vai

Jet will lose power both by mpulse and Reaction.

š
 


 


  

 
  

 How To |rovide 6 Mass Flow Rate
‡ Area for Flow of Fluid.
‡ Proportional to the Length of the Blade.
‡ More Number of Blade Spacings.
   


BY
À |
 
       

 U
Vri
Vai
Vai
Vri nlet Velocity Triangle

U
Vre
Vae Vre
Exit Velocity Triangle
 U
e i Ae Ai
Vae Vai Vri
Vre

Vai: nlet 6bsolute Velocity

Vri: nlet Relative Velocity
Vre: Exit Relative Velocity
Vae:Exit 6bsolute Velocity

i:nlet Nozzle 6ngle.

Ai: nlet Blade 6ngle.
Ae: Exit Blade 6ngle.
i: Exit Nozzle 6ngle.