OBJECTIVES

• By the end of the lesson, students

should be able to :
1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory
– Describe the cell as the smallest
independent unit of life & form the basis
of living organism.
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
– Describe & compare the structure of
prokaryotic cell & eukaryotic cell
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE 1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory
1

1.1) Cell Theory

•Cells are the “basic unit of life”.
Sel ialah unit asas kehidupan.

•All organisms are composed of one or

more cells.
Semua benda hidup berasal daripada sel.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE 1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory

2
•New cells are produced from the earlier
cells (mother cells)/pre existing cell through
cell division.
Sesuatu sel baru berasal daripada
sel yang terdahulu melalui pembahagian sel.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE 1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory

•Cell is a unit in which all metabolic

3
processes take place.
Sel berfungsi sbg satu unit di mana semua proses metabolisme
berlaku di dalamnya.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE 1.Explain 4 basic principles in Cell Theory

4
•Each cell carries heritable/genetic
information that can be passed on to the
daughter cells during the cell division.
Setiap sel mempunyai maklumat genetik/pewarisan yang boleh
diturunkan kepada sel anak semasa pembahagian sel.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

1.2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cell
 pro- = early(before), primitive, first
 karyo- = nucleus
 prokaryotic cell =

cell that bears primitive nucleus, or nuclear material

that is not enclosed by nuclear membrane
?
e.g. bacteria,
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
prokaryotic organisms  prokaryotes
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• A major difference between prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells is the location of
chromosomes.
• In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are
contained in a membrane-enclosed
organelle, the nucleus.
• In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is
concentrated in the nucleoid without a
membrane separating it from the rest of the
cell.
BACK
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Structure (i)
pili capsule

Mesosome cell wall

Carry out respiration

stored food
DNA without nucleo
envelope
ribosomes plasma
membrane
polysomes
flagellum

cytoplasm
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Structure (ii)
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cells
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Features
•small (diameter: 0.5 - 10m)
•cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma
membrane and
•encased within a rigid cell wall
•no distinct interior compartment
•nuclear material: DNA
•no membrane bound organelles
•contain simple structures like ribosome
•membrane folds contain pigments for
photosynthesis
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Features (Cell walls)
•composed of peptidoglycan*
•protect the cell
•maintain its shape
•prevent excessive water uptake
peptidoglycan*
•consists of a carbohydrate matrix that is cross-linked by short
polypeptide units
•characterizes different types of bacteria:
Gram positive and Gram negative
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.2) Prokaryotic Cell

Typical Features (Flagella)
•some bacteria use a flagellum for locomotion
and feeding
•long, threadlike structures
•protruding from the surface of the cell
•move in rotation (why?)
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(1.3) Eukaryotic Cell

 eu- = true/after
 karyo- = (something to do with) nucleus
 eukaryotic cell =
cell that bears true nucleus, or nuclear material that is
enclosed by a nuclear membrane
?
eukaryotic organisms  eukaryotes

e.g. Protoctists;protozoa cells, plant cells, fungus cells,

animal cells, algae,
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cell
Typical Structure (i)
secretive granules
Golgi apparatus
protoplasm centrosome
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleolus
chromatin nucleus
nucleoplasma
Cytoplasm nuclear membrane

temporary small vacuole

mitochondrion
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Typical Features
•diameter: 10 - 100m)
•within the cytoplasm is a variety of
membrane bounded organelles of
specialized forms and functions
(compartmentalization)
•nuclear material: DNA + proteins
•contain vesicles, small sacs that store and
transport a variety of materials
•supported by internal protein scaffold,
cytoskeleton
A network of fibers permeating the matrix of eukaryotic cell that
provides a supporting frame work for organells, organells
movements etc
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

• In eukaryote cells, the chromosomes are

contained within a membranous nuclear
envelope.
• The region between the nucleus and the plasma
membrane is the cytoplasm.
– All the material (organelles) within the plasma
membrane is known as cytoplasm.
• Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a
variety of membrane-bounded organelles of
specialized form and function.

• These membrane-bounded organelles are absent

in prokaryotes.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

(2.2) Prokaryotic Cell

The Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell.
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
size small (0.5-10.0) larger (10 -100)
true nucleus absent present*
chromosome circular helix linear helix DNA
DNA with histone prot.
cell wall peptidoglycan cellulose
ribosomes small large
cytoskeleton absent present
flagella helix flagellin & lack of microtubules (9+2)
microtubule. structure
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE
2. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cell / organism size compare to Organism Sizes

• Most cells are much smaller than one millimeter.
– Some as small as one micrometer.
• Small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging wastes
for nutrients.
– Cells that specialize in absorption have modifications that greatly increase
the surface area per volume of the cell.
 1.3) Microscopic Structure of
Plant & Animal Cells
OBJECTIVES
• By the end of the lesson,
students should be able to :
- Illustrate the detailed structures of
typical plant & animal cells.

- Compare between plant & animal

cells
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Illustrate the detailed structures of
typical plant & animal cells.

1.3) Structure of animal & plant cells

 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Illustrate the detailed structures of
typical plant & animal cells.

ANIMAL CELLS
• As seen under light microscope, animal cells
contain protoplasm (nucleus + Cytoplasm )
• Cytoplasm=cytosol+organelles)
• Large central nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
• Nucleus contains coiled DNA called Chromatin +
protein called histone.
• Cytoplasm contains;organelles & glycogen
granules (food storage polysaccharide)
• Have either small vacuole or none at all.
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Illustrate the detailed structures of
typical plant & animal cells.

Typical Structure (ii): Plant Cells

middle lamella
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Illustrate the detailed structures of
typical plant & animal cells.

Plant cells
• Protective, rigid, cellulose cell wall
surrounding the cell.
• Chloroplasts in the cytoplasm contain
chlorophyll pigments which carry out
photosynthesis.
• Large vacuole. Central vacuole, filled with
sap (photosynthesis product)
• Contain starch granules
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Compare between plant & animal cells.

The Differences between Plant and Animal Cells (i)

Plant Cells Animal Cells

shape rigid not rigid
lysosomes usually absent present
chloroplasts absent
in photosynthetic cells

cell wall  plasmodesmata absent

 middle lamella
 Lesson Objective:
1.0 CELL AS A UNIT OF LIFE Compare between plant & animal cells.

The Differences between Plant and Animal Cells (ii)

Plant Cells Animal Cells

vacuoles  large too small @

 contain cellular absent
fluid
 tonoplast

centrioles present
absent, except in more
primitive plants

stored starch glycogen

carbohydrate
cilia present
absent, except in more
primitive plants