6 OMF005601 Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

Coverage Planning
Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents
1. Planning Basis
2. Coverage Planning
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving coverage
Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Radio Propagation
Environment
Reflections
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 16 µ s
Fading
 Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation
direction
 Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
 Serious interference from multi-path signals
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
Objective of Propagation Model
 The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss during
radio wave propagation caused by the terrain and artificial
environments
 The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage
planning. A good model mean more precise planning.
 The propagation model depends on the working frequency of the
system. Different propagation models have different working
frequencies ranges. Moreover, indoor propagation model differs
from the out door propagation model
Land Usage Types
 Urban small cells, 40..50 dB/Dec attenuation
 Forest heavy absorption; 30..40 dB/Dec; differs
with season (foliage loss)
 Open, farmland easy, smooth propagation conditions
 Water propagates very easily ==> dangerous !
 Mountain surface strong reflection, long echoes
 Hilltops can be used as barriers between cells, do
not use as antenna or site location
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
Cell Coverage Range
Achievable cell coverage depend on
 Frequency band (450, 900, 1800 MHz)
 Surroundings and environment
 Antenna type
 Antenna direction
 Minimum required signal level
Min. Receiving Level
 On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

+ FastFading m arg in + L penetration
 On Uplink
Minreceive = Sbts + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration
Fading
 Slow fading (Lognormal Fading)

Shadowing due to large obstacles on propagation
direction
 Fast fading (Rayleigh fading)
Level (dB)
 Serious interference
+10 from multi-path signals
-10
-20
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
0 1 2 3 4 5m
Fading
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time
Min. Receive Level
Application Min. Receiving Given
Environment Level
Density urban, indoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBm
Fast Fading Margin=3dB
Slowly Fading Margin=7dB
Interference margin=4dB
Penetration Loss=18
Resident area, indoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBm

Penetration Loss=10
Outdoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBm

Min. Receive Level
Application Min. Receiving Given
Environment Level
Density urban, indoor -70dBm Sms=-102dBm
Penetration Loss=18
Resident area, indoor -80dBm Sms=-102dBm

Penetration Loss=10
Outdoor -90dBm Sms=-102dBm

Link Budget
Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive
Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive
Link Budget Model
On downlink
Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive
On uplink
Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive
Equipment-related Parameters
 BTS Tx power
 Maximum BS Tx power.
 Maximum power of the antenna ： Ptrx-Lcdu
 Maximum MS Tx power
 900:2W
 1800:1W
 BS antenna gain
 Typical value: Omni directional antenna: 11dBi or 13dBi;
directional antenna: 15 to 18dBi.
 MS antenna gain
 Generally, MS antenna and the connection loss are
considered to be 0dB.
Equipment-related Parameters
 BTS receiver sensitivity
 -112.5dBm
 The sensitivity is also related with vendor and
environment
 MS receiver sensitivity
 -102dBm
No Combining
TX1
TX
IN1
TCOM combiner
combiner
IN2
TRX0
TX2
RXM1
TX
RXD1
RXM2 TRX1
RXD2
Wide Band Combining
TX1
IN1
TX
TCOM
combiner
combiner
TRX0
IN2
TX2
TX
TRX1
Feeder and Jumper
Antenna Adjustable Support
GSM/CDMA Wall
Panel Antenna
Feeder jumper
BTS
feeder
connector
Antenna Feeder System—
Feeder
 Feeder:
Frequently-used
specification:
7/8 ", 5/4 "
How to choose a feeder Feeder loss
900MHZ 1800MHZ 900MHZ 1800MHZ

5/4 “ >80 meters >50 meters 5/4 “ 3dB/100m 4dB/100m
7/8 " <=80meters <=50meters
7/8 " 5dB/100m 6dB/100m
The curvature of the feeders shall not

1/2 jumper length (m) 11dB/100m
be too large, and the conductor surface
is required to well connected with the
ground
Coverage Probability
area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage

of area in which receive signal strength (RxLev) is always higher than
RxLev threshold
edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage

time when the receive signal strength (RxLev) is always larger than
the of RxLev threshold
Area coverage probability to edge
coverage probability
area coverage 50% 60% 75% 80% 85% 90% 91% 93% 95% 97% 98% 100%
probability
edge Dense 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
coverage urban
probability
urban 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
Rural 20% 30% 49% 57% 66% 75% 77% 81% 86% 91% 94% 100%
area
village 17% 27% 46% 54% 63% 73% 76% 80% 85% 90% 93% 100%
High way6% 14% 32% 50% 51% 64% 66% 72% 79% 86% 90% 100%
Margin
 To ensure a certain edge coverage probability , it is
necessary to reserve some power margin, i.e. the
shadow fading margin.
 Due to the shadow fading, the actual path loss
fluctuates around this value. It is subjected to the
logarithmic normal distribution as the location and
time varies.
Area coverage probability to
expected shadow fading margin
5
D e n se U rb a n -
Min. Receiving Level
 On Down Link
Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

+ FastFading m arg in + L penetration + shadow fading margin
 On Uplink
Minreceive = S bts + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in
+ L penetration + shadow fading margin
Example
MS sensitivity (dBm) -102
MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30
BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46
BTS combiner loss (dB) 1
7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m
1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m
feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5
BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector ?

loss (dB)
BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17
Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) ?
Example
expected area coverage probability 97%
corresponding edge coverage probability 91%
expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?dB

Noise correction (dB) (interference margin) 2
Body loss (penetration loss) 4
Fast fading margin 1dB
clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) 2dB
MS antenna gain 1dB
allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) ?
Distance and Coverage
Area
3 – Sectors site Omni site
Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Site distance: D=1.5R Site distance: D=1.732R
Coverage Area=1.949R2 Coverage Area=2.598R2
Example
Expected coverage area 500

dimension （ km2 ）
Site type Omni
Cell radius （ km ） 0.80

Cell dimenstion （ km2 ） ?　
Expected BTS number ?　
Link Balance Tool
link balance
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
Why Indoors
 Indoor coverage become the main competition between operators
 Subscribers expect continuous coverage and better quality
 Outdoor cell can’t provide sufficient indoor coverage
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Building Penetration Loss
signal level increases with floor

number :~1.5 dB/floor (for
1st ..10th floor)
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
Building Penetration Loss
 Signal loss for penetration varies between
different building materials, e.g.:
mean value
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17 dB
concrete wall, no windows 30 dB
concrete wall within building 10 dB
brick wall 9 dB
armed glass 8 dB
wood or plaster wall 6 dB
window glass 2 dB
Indoor Coverage Solutions
 Antennas
 Small BTS

Mini BTS

Distribute antenna
 Repeater 
Leaky cable
 Active  Signal distribution
 Passive 
Power splitter
 Optical

Optical fiber
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
f1..f6 f6 f4 f2
f1..f6 f5 f3 f1
Example1: Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation 1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2% 50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
no frequency reuse: reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors a) three floors
34.68 Erl=> 694 subscribers 52.12 Erl => 842subs
b) ten floors b) ten floors
34.68 Erl => 694 subscribers 140 Erl => 2808 subs
Indoor Coverage Examples
 With Repeater
 Relay outdoor signal into target building
 Need donor cell, add coverage but not capacity
 With indoor BTS and distributed antenna
 Heavy loss bring by power splitting and cable
Outdoor Antenna
50m -50 dBm Gain: 18 dBi
1:1 4th floor

50m
7/8'' Cable
1:1 50m
Loss: 4dB / 50m 4th Floor
1:1 3rd floor Cable length : 25m
50m
3rd Floor
1:1 50m
1:1 2nd floor 2nd Floor

50m
50m 1st Floor
1st floor
1:1:1 1:1
50m Ground Floor
50m
Indoor Antenna
1:1 ground floor Gain: 9dBi
50m
Target Indoor Coverage Building
Repeater
 Application examples
 Coverage for low traffic area
 Remote valley
 Tunnel
 Underground coverage
needs
decoupling > amplification
Wave Propagation in Tunnels
 The tunnel types include railway tunnel (or metro tunnel),
highway tunnel.
 Highway tunnel is wide, select the antennas with a larger
size to obtain a higher gain, coverage distance is larger.
 Railway tunnel is narrow, the antenna size and gain are
greatly restricted. Especially the radio propagation is
greatly affected by passing train.
Short and Middle Tunnels
Coverage
 Generally, the tunnels shorter than 100m are defined as short
tunnels. l the antenna can be installed at the tunnel entrance so as
to ensure coverage.
 For the tunnels shorter than 500m, can use the combination of a
micro base station and a single antenna (or a repeater) for the
tunnel coverage, and install the antenna in the middle of the tunnel.
Long Tunnels Coverage
 For the tunnels longer than 500m, you need to use the distributed
antenna system or the leaky cable for the coverage.
 For the coverage of still longer tunnels, use amplifiers to amplify signals.
That is, you can use either the distributed antenna system or the leaky
cable for the coverage solution. In terms of technical indexes and
installation space, coverage solution based on leaky cable is
recommended.
Tunnels Coverage
If outside tunnel and within the tunnel belong to the difference
cell, handover problem will occur. To solve this problem, can
consider adopting the following methods:
 Adopt the bi-directional antenna for the tunnel coverage, because
it can provide enough overlapping area for handover.
 Enable special handover algorithms, such as fast level fall
handover algorithm. In this case, a mobile station can hand over
to another cell when the signal level falls fast.
 Select the directional antenna with small front-to-back ratio.
Contents
1. Planning Basis
3. Advance Planning
4. Advance Technology for improving
Transmitting diversity
TDMA
Frame
1~2 Symbols
TRXA
TDMA
Frame
TDMA
Delayed Frame
TRXB
TRXA
TRXB
 Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us

time delay.
 Improving downlink coverage based on mutual
exchange theory.
 Generally 3dB downlink gain from transmitting
diversity.
PBT(Power Booster Technology)
PA
Synthesizer
RF
DUPLEX
BB
RF
PA
 Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.

 Generally PBT can generate 2dB downlink
gain.
Dynamic PBT
 This technology is based on timeslots, allows a calling
subscriber to use a timeslot in other TRX.
 When the receive level is lower , channels corresponding
to identical timeslots in adjacent carriers stop delivering
services temporarily.
 At this time, the RF channel in the service timeslot and
the auxiliary channel in the adjacent carrier transmit
identical signals, whose phase is also the same. The
combined signals are stronger, thus improving the
receiving quality for the subscriber.
PBT(Power Booster
Technology)
4-way receiving diversity
RF1 4WRD
RF2
BB
RF3 2WRD
RF4
>120%R
Compared with 2-way receiving diversity,

4-way receiving diversity gets more 3~5dB
uplink gain.
AMR
AMR-HR TCH/AHS7.95 M OS Experim ent 1b - Te st R esults
5.0
TCH/AHS7.4 4.0
TCH/AHS6.7 3.0
Sel. Requir.
A MR-HR
TCH/AHS5.9 2.0
EFR
FR
HR
C o n d i ti o n s
TCH/AHS5.15 1.0
No Errors C/I=19 dB C/I=16 dB C/I=13 dB C/I=10 dB C/I= 7 dB C/I= 4 dB
Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50

A MR-HR 4.11 4.04 3.96 3.72 3.38 3.10 2.00
TCH/AHS4.75 EFR 4.21 4.21 3.74 3.34 1.58
FR 3.50 3.50 3.14 2.74 1.50
HR 3.35 3.24 2.80 1.92
Gain of Advance Technology
Gain
Transmitting diversity 3dB
PBT 2dB
AMR 5dB(when EFR lower than

5%,compare with FR)
4-way receiving diversity 3~5dB(uplink)
The Function of Extended Cell
 In the GSM specifications, the cell coverage is restricted within 35km(63
TA) . Thus, the coverage radius of the cell cannot exceed 35km. In wide
and open area where the subscribers are dispersedly distributed, the traffic
is low, and the infrastructure such as transmission and power supply
facilities is hard to construct or cannot reach, the cell with a radius larger
than 35km must be provided.
 If the extended cell technology is adopted, the cell coverage radius can
reach 120km in an ideal condition. Operators can adopt this technology to
reduce the number of sites and build their own GSM networks quickly with
smaller investment. In this way, they can attract mobile subscribers in
special areas and thus increase the operation revenue.
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should

send the signal in advance!!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Dual Timeslot Extended Cell
UL data
Delay<=63
Modulation range
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2

Normal cell
Delay >63
After TA adjustment
Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2
Dual timeslot extended cell
 To support MS signals with a delay exceeding 63bit,
the 2-timeslot cell can bind the even and odd
timeslots, as if a TDMA frame in the extended cell
only has four channels: 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7. Only
channel 0, 2, 4, and 6 can be assigned for the MS.
0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
 The dual-timeslot function is based on the concentric cell. The
carrier in the underlay cell is configured as the 2-timeslot carrier.
The carrier on the overlay cell is configured as a common cell.
When the cell is configured as a 2-timeslot cell, the concentric cell
attribute of this cell is automatically set to the concentric cell.
 If all carriers in the cell must be configured as 2-timeslot carrier,
such solution is called the cell-level 2-timeslot solution. In this
case, all carriers are configured in the overlay cell.
 If some carriers in the cell are configured as common carriers and
others as 2-timeslot carriers, the BCCH is located on the 2-timeslot
carriers, such solution is called carrier-level 2-timeslot solution. In
this case, the 2-timeslot carriers are configured in the underlaid
cell and the common carriers are configured in the overlaid cell.
Question
 What is the max value of extended cell’s TA?
Max TA?
Assignment of Extended Cell
Type Assignment Strategy
Imm-assignment Underlaid
Assignment Depend on “assign optimum

layer”
Intra-BSC HO Underlaid
In-coming BSC HO Underlaid
Configuration
 Modify the cell as double timeslot extended cell.
Configuration
Summary
 In this course, we have learned:
 Propagation and planning basis
 Coverage planning method
 Indoor and tunnel planning
 Planning procedure and site location

6 OMF005601 Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

6 OMF005601 Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Coverage Planning

Copyright © 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

Minreceive = Sbts + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in + FastFading m arg in + L penetration

2 sec 4 sec 6 sec time

Resident area, indoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBm

Outdoor ? dBm Sms=-102dBm

Resident area, indoor -80dBm Sms=-102dBm

Outdoor -90dBm Sms=-102dBm

Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive

Pbts − Lcombiner − Lcable + Gbts − L + Gms ≥ Minreceive

Pms + Gms − L + Gdiversity + Gbts − Lcable ≥ Minreceive

900MHZ 1800MHZ 900MHZ 1800MHZ

The curvature of the feeders shall not

area coverage probability: Within a coverage area, the percentage

edge coverage probability: In coverage board area, the percentage

Minreceive = S ms + I m arg in + SlowlyFading m arg in

MS max. transmitting power(dBm) 30

BTS max. transmitting power (dBm) 46

BTS combiner loss (dB) 1

7/8 feeder length (m) 45 4dB/100m

1/2 jumper length (m) 5 11dB/100m

feeder connector loss (dB) 0.5

BTS combiner, jumper, feeder and connector ?

BTS antenna gain (dBi) 17

Effective Radiated Power EIRP(dBm) ?

corresponding edge coverage probability 91%

expected shadow fading margin (dB) ?dB

Body loss (penetration loss) 4

Fast fading margin 1dB

clutter loss (dB) (slow fading margin) 2dB

MS antenna gain 1dB

allowed DL Max Propagation loss in Um interface(dB) ?

Site Coverage Radius: R Site Coverage Radius: R

Expected coverage area 500

Site type Omni

Cell radius （ km ） 0.80

4. Advance Technology for improving coverage

signal level increases with floor

Pref = 0 dB Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB

-15 ...-25 dB no coverage

1:1 4th floor

1:1 2nd floor 2nd Floor

Target Indoor Coverage Building

4. Advance Technology for improving

 Two TRXs transmit the same signal with 7.4us

 Adopt the in-phase synthesizing technology.

Compared with 2-way receiving diversity,

Sel. Requir. 3.99 3.99 3.99 3.14 2.74 1.50

Transmitting diversity 3dB

AMR 5dB(when EFR lower than

4-way receiving diversity 3~5dB(uplink)

The mobile phone should

Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2

Timeslot0 Timeslot1 Timeslot2

Dual timeslot extended cell

0/1 2/3 4/5 6/7

Assignment Depend on “assign optimum