Gasification of

Coal
Presented By:
KAMRAN ANWAR
 Gasification

Gasification is a process that converts

carbonaceous materials, such as coal,
petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into
carbon monoxide and hydrogen by
reacting the raw material at high
temperatures with a controlled amount
of oxygen and/or steam
 2

Gasification

3C + O2 + H2O 3CO + H2
Carbon + Oxygen + Water Carbon Monoxide + Hydrogen

The partial oxidation of carbon to produce a "synthesis" gas

Gasification is not combustion
• Types of Gasifiers

• Moving bed
• Fluidized bed
• Entrained flow
 Gasifier Configurations
Moving bed flow
• Fluidized bed
• Entrained flow
 3

Gasification Basics – Slurry Preperation

Coal/Coke

Water
Coal Slurry
55% - 70% Solids
 4

Gasification Basics – Air Separation

Oxygen

Oxygen feed to gasifier

95% to 99+% purity Nitrogen
Cryogenic
distillation
-180 Deg C

ASU
Argon

Compressor
Air

Co-production of N2 and Ar
for liquid sales, NOx control,
general inerting
 5

Gasification Basics - Gasification

Oxygen Extreme Conditions:
• Up to 1,000 psig or more
• Nominal 2,600 Deg F
• Slag and H2S gas

Coal/Coke
Slurry
Products (syngas):
CO (Carbon Monoxide)

H2 (Hydrogen)

[CO/H2 ratio can be adjusted]

By-products:
H 2S (Hydrogen Sulfide)

CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)

Slag (Minerals from coal)

 6

Gasification Basics – Gas Cooling

Hot Syngas Steam

Steam Turbine or
process heating

Cool Syngas
BFW

Water/Gas
Separator

Water, recycled
 7

Gasification Basics – Gas Clean-up

Acid Gas (Sulfur) Removal

Technology Choices
• MDEA (methyldiethanolamine) – chemical absorbent,
98+% removal,

• Selexol tm (primarily dimethyl ethers of polyethylene

glycol –DEPE)

• Rectisol tm (methanol)
 8

Gasification Basics
Oxygen
Steam
Air Separation
N2
Air

Compressor Ar Cooling

CO Clean, Dry
H2
Syngas

Coal Water H2S Solvent/

Slurry Prep Absorbent
CO2
Gasification

Gas Clean-up
Vitrified
Slag
 So what can you do with
CO and H2 ?

Syngas

Building Blocks Transportation Clean Electricity

for Chemical Fuels
Industry
 13

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

Gasification For Electric Power

Generation
 What is IGCC Integrated
Gasification Combined Cycle
• IGCC is a combination of two leading
technologies.
• The first technology is called coal gasification,
which uses coal to create a clean-burning gas
(syngas).
• The second technology is called combined-
cycle, which is the most efficient method of
producing electricity commercially available
today.
 15

Air Separation
What is IGCC
Unit
Flexibility for CO2
CO2 Sequestration
Coal
Low Temp (Concentrated Stream)
Hg
Slurry Gas Cooling
Removal
+ O2 Shift Rx
(option)
CO/H2
H2O
Acid Gas Removal
Particulate Sulfur
Scrubber Sulfur Recovery

Electricity
Texaco CO2 Steam Turbine Air
"Quench" Fines/Char
Gasifier

PRE-COMBUSTION
Treatment of Pollutants
•High pressure
•Low Volume Combustion Turbine Electricity
•Concentrated stream
(easier to treat)
Slag/Frit Compressed Air to ASU
 Underground Coal
Gasification
– Coal Gasification (UCG) is
an industrial process, which
converts coal into product
gas. UCG is an in-situ
gasification process carried
out in non-mined coal seams
using injection of oxidants,
and bringing the product gas
to surface through production
wells drilled from the surface

Figure 6: CRIP UGC

 Polygeneration Potential of 16

Gasification
Coal
Power & Steam
Town gas
Gasification
Naphtha Fischer-
Tropsch Ammonia
Waxes Liquids Synthesis Gas H2
& Urea

FT Diesel Car Fuel Methanol Dimethyl Ether

Methyl acetate Ethylene &

Acetic Acid Propylene

VAM Ketene Acetate Esters

Oxo Chemicals
PVA Diketene &
Derivatives Acetic Anhydride Polyolefins
 Why Gasification?

• It is the cleanest coal technology …

– Inherently lower SOX , NOX
– Lowest solid wastes and wastewater
– Potential for lowest cost removal of mercury
– Cheapest route to CO2 sequestration

• It provides great promise for the future …

– Flexible feedstocks, process options, and products
– Opens new markets for coal (synfuels, chemicals,
fertilizers)
– It provides the only feasible bridge from coal to hydrogen
(directly converts coal to hydrogen)