Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
receivers
Timo Nihtilä, Ph.Lic. (Ph.D. def.)
Senior Research Scientist
Magister Solutions Ltd.
1
Readings related to the subject
• General readings
– WCDMA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
– HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS – Harri Holma, Antti Toskala
4
Why new radio access system
• Need for universal standard (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System)
• Support for packet data services
– IP data in core network
– Wireless IP
• New services in mobile multimedia need faster data
transmission and flexible utilization of the spectrum
• FDMA and TDMA are not efficient enough
– TDMA wastes time resources
– FDMA wastes frequency resources
• CDMA can exploit the whole bandwidth constantly
• Wideband CDMA was selected for a radio access system for
UMTS (1997)
– (Actually the superiority of OFDM was not fully understood by then)
3 G P P
E T S I A R I B T T A T 1 P 1 T T C C W T S
E T S I M e mA Rb Ie B r s M e mT Tb Ae r Ms e mT b1 eP r 1 s M e Tm T b C e r Ms e mC bW e Tr s S M
EDGE
WCDMA HSDPA/
FDD HSUPA
GSM
HSCSD GPRS
LTE
TD-CDMA HSDPA/
TDD HCR HSUPA
TD-SCDMA
TDD LCR
cdma2000
1XEV - DO
cdmaOne cdma2000
(IS-95)
cdma2000
1XEV - DV
GSM (80.9%)
CDMA (12%)
WCDMA (4.6%)
iDEN (0.9%)
PDC(0.8%)
USTDMA (0.8%)
• Over 3.5 billion wireless users worldwide
• GSM+WCDMA share currently over 88 % (www.umts-forum.org)
• CDMA share is decreasing every year
14
Multiple Access Schemes
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Code
1
2
… Frequency
Time N
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
– example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for
different users,
– example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
– GSM also uses FDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are
separated from each other with orthogonal codes
• Benefits
– More secure communication
– Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
• Classification
– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
R Frequency
W
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Frequency
Frequency
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Frequency
26
WCDMA System
• WCDMA is the most common radio interface for UMTS systems
• Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
– Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard bands
between the carriers
• Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
– UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
• High bit rates
– With Release ’99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
– 384 kbps highest implemented
Downlink
Shared USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER 1 USER 1 USER 2
Channel Code 5
USER 4
....
USER 4 Code 4
USER 3 Code 3
Downlink
Dedicate USER 2
d Code 2
Channels USER 1 Code 1
Time
UTRAN
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
UE1
UE2
With ideal PC
UE1 UE2 UE3
received power levels
are equal
UE3
– Receive antenna
• Transmission is received with multiple antennas
• Power gain and diversity gain
– Transmit antenna
• Transmission is sent with multiple antennas
• Hard handover
– The source is released first and then
new one is added
– Short interruption in data flow
Received
signal Threshold_1
Threshold_2
strength
BS2
53
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA)
• The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) concept
was added to Release 5 to support higher downlink data rates
• It is mainly intended for non-real time traffic, but can also be
used for traffic with tighter delay requirements.
• Peak data rates up to 10 Mbit/s (theoretical data rate 14.4
Mbit/s)
• Reduced retransmission delays
• Improved QoS control (Node B based packet scheduler)
• Spectrally and code efficient solution
In st a n ta n eo u s E sN o [d B ]
1 4
1 2
1 0
8
Channel quality 6
4
(CQI, Ack/Nack, TPC) 2
0
- 2
Data
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 1 6 0
T i m e [ n u m b e r o f T T I s ]
1 6 Q A M 3 / 4
1 6 Q A M 2 / 4
UE Q
Q
P S K 3 / 4
P S K 2 / 4
Q P S K 1 / 4
New
Newbase
basestation
stationfunctions
functions
••HARQ
HARQretransmissions
retransmissions
••Modulation/coding
Modulation/codingselection
selection Users may be time and/or code multiplexed
••Packet
Packetdata
datascheduling
scheduling(short
(short
TTI)
TTI)
Pkt A
Pkt B
Pkt C
Pkt D Ack B
Pkt E
Pkt F
2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 10.1 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4
63
Advanced receivers with HSDPA
• UE receiver experiences significant interference from
different sources
– In a reflective environment the signal interferes itself
– Neigboring base station signals interfere each other
– One solution to decrease mainly own base station signal
interference is to use an equalizer before despreading
Own cell interference
Own signal