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Basic Concepts of

Environmental Management
TROPHIC STRUCTURE OF
ECOSYSTEM:
FOOD CHAIN
Plant (Producer) Grasshopper (Primary Consumer)

Bird (Secondary Consumer)

Fungi, algae, etc (Decomposer)


Fox (Tertiary Consumer)
FOOD WEB
ENERGY FLOW IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Solar Energy Trapped by Green Plants Stored as
Carbohydrates

Tertiary Secondary Primary


Consumer Consumer Consumer

Dead Organism Decay

Decomposer
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL CYCLES
• The cyclical movement of the chemicals of the biosphere
between the living organism and the non-living
environment.

• It has two phases:


• ORGANIC OR BIOTIC PHASE: The passage of
chemicals (complex organic molecules) through the food
chain.
• INORGANIC OR ABIOTIC PHASE: From the release of
chemical (inorganic compounds) by the decomposer up
to the absorption by the producer.
Carbon Cycle
CO2 in
atmosphere

Photosynthesis
Burning
Producers
Wood and
fossil fuel

Cellular
respiration

Higher level
consumer Primary
consumer

Decomposition

Detrivore

Detritus
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- H+ + CO32-

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3


Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3
NITROGEN CYCLE
• A nitrogen cycle is composed of the following steps:
1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Nitrogen Assimilation
3. Ammonification
4. Nitrification
5. Dentrification
6. Sedimentation

Nitrogen Fixation - It is a process of converting free nitrogen


of atmosphere onto the biologically acceptable form of
nitrogenous compounds like inorganic nitrate.
• a. ) Non Biological Nitrogen Fixation – During thunderstorm,

N2 + 2(O) 2NO
2NO + 2(O) 2NO2
2NO2 + (O) N 2 O5

N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3


2 HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca (NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
• (b) Biological Nitrogen Fixation: This is carried out by certain
nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobium and certain free living
nitrogen fixers like Azotobactor clostridium.

• Nitrogen Assimilation – The process of converting the


nitrates, nitrites and ammonia (produced in the process of
nitrogen fixation) to nitrogenous organic compounds.

Nitrate/Nitrite reduction NH3


NH3 + Organic acids Amino-acids
Amino acids are used for the synthesis of proteins, enzymes,
nucleic acids, etc.
• Ammonification: It is a process of converting organic
nitrogenous compounds of dead plants and animals in the
soil into ammonia by ammonifying bacteria (like
actinomycetes and bacilli).

Amino acids actinomycetes/bacilli Organic acids + NH3

• Nitrification: It is a process of oxidation of ammonia


produced by ammonification, to nitrate and then to nitrate in
the presence of nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas,
Nitrosogloca etc.

• Step I: In this step, NH3 is oxidized to nitrite (NO2-) by


Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus.
2 NH3 + 3O2 2NO2- +2 H2O + 2H+ + energy.
• Step II: The NO2- are further oxidized to nitrates by another
group of nitrifying bacteria called Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis.

2NO2- + O2 2 NO3- + Energy

• Denitrification: The process of converting nitrates ad nitrites


into molecular nitrogen or atmospheric nitrogen by some
denitrifying bacteria (like Thiobacillus denitrificans, micrococcus
denitrificans ) is known as denitrification.
2NO3- 2NO2- 2NO
O2 O2

4NO 2 N 2O N2

O2 O2
• Sedimentation: It is a process of conversion of nitrate
solutions of earth crust into nitrate rocks either in sea or in
deeper earth crust.
THE PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
BIOSPHERE TECHNOSPHERE
•Environment •Market
•Organism •Company
•Natural Product •IndustrialProduct
•Natural Selection •Competition
•Ecosystem •Eco-Industrial Park
•Ecological Niche •Market Niche
•Anabolism / •Manufacturing / Waste
Catabolism Management
•Mutation and •Design for Environment
Selection •Economic Growth
•Succession •Innovation
•Adaptation •Product Life Cycle
•Food Web
Thank You…

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