V Globalization increases the ability of firms to do business

across national boundaries. The barriers to crossing those

boundaries are coming down gradually.
V All this is opening new opportunities for everyone
everywhere ; but globalization is not really risk free.
V But before globalization also the trade between countries
was prevalent .
V á
 Ȃ 9 Manchu china prospers under Emperor
Qianlong.

V á  Cultural and artistic peak in Japan.

V á   British take control of Bengal - India.

V á  The á  Cascadia earthquake (magnitude 9) occurs off the coast
of the Pacific Northwest; the coast of Japan is struck by a tsunami.
V á   After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline
and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it.
V á   Mount Fuji erupts in Japan.
V á   ar of 2 years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
V Great Frost of á 9 Coldest winter in  years.
V á 9 otaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan
V á á
-á á Tarabai establishes rival Maratha Empire government
in Kolhapur againstChattrapati Shahu
V á á Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along
the India Pakistan border.
V á
9 Nader Shah defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and
sacked Delhi
V á   Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of formal British rule
in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of
the East India Company.
V á 9Ȃá
 The Bengal famine of á  killed one third of
the Bengal population.
V á
 East India Company starts operations in Bengal to
smuggle Opium into China.
V á  Tây S[n Dynasty established in Vietnam.
V á 9Ȃá  The hite Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in
China.
 

 

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w  In fact, in the á th
century, the British dominated the Atlantic slave trade transporting more
slaves than all the other European powers combined. The Atlantic slave trade
was hence, a vital contributor to the financial strength of the East Indian
Trading Companies.
V So much so that by the middle of the á th century, the East India Company was
re-exporting Indian goods to Europe and North Africa and even Turkey!
Unsurprisingly, this was to have a severely deleterious effect on the Persians,
the Afghans, since much of the revenues of these states came from the India
trade. It also seriously impacted the revenues of the Mughals, and while the
activities of the Arab and Gujarati traders were not entirely eliminated, their
trade was much curtailed, and largely reduced to the inter-Asian trade which
continued unabated. In any case, the Mughal state was unable to resist
centrifugal forces and rapidly disintegrated. This left the East India Company
with considerably more leverage and encourage it to expand its activities, and
demand even greater concessions from Indian rulers.
V The Opium Trade of the á th century (which eventually led to the
Opium ars) , when the Royal British Navy worked more or less hand
in hand with the commercial interests of the East India Company,
exemplified precisely such a link between war and trade. From the
intertwining of war and trade, colonization was only a small step away.
Plassey was a mark able indicator of a new dynamic in Indo-British
relations.
V problem for the East India Company was that their profits were in
direct conflict with those of their British-based competitors. Under
these circumstances, as long as the profit motive was paramount
(which it was), the Battle at Plassey, and the Opium ars could be seen
as logical outcomes of circumstances where continued profits by legal
and honorable means were simply not possible. But, had the East
Company comprised of "Gentlemen Traders" as some historians have
claimed, they could not have switched so easily from trading in Indian
Textiles, to trading in Opium for Tea
V The socio-economic condition of the eighteenth century India was
infected by political convulsions and instability. The society in general
retained most of its tradition features but several changes were induced
in the society. The European influence in the Indian society led to the
alterations and changes all over India.
V At the apex of the social order was the emperor, who closely followed
by the nobility. Thus the emperor followed by the nobility was at the
hem of the society enjoying all the powers and privileges. At the lowest
stratum of the social order were the majority of the poor. The mass of
poor formed the common people, who were mainly the agriculturists
and the artisans. The middle class comprised the small merchants,
shopkeepers, lower cadre of employees, town artisans etc. The social
stratification in the eighteenth century India was extremely rigid and
the significant cause behind it was the disparity in the scale of income.
V In the eighteenth century society, omen were given enough place of
respect in home and society outside.
V In the beginning of the eighteenth century, the basic unit of the Indian
economy was the self-sufficient village economy. The income of the
government came from the land revenues levied on each land granted.
The village communities and the percentage of the land revenues
remained unchanged with the change of the rulers and the dynasties
V During the á th century trade thrived, though some Asian countries
were closed to outsiders. Russian and European countries bought silk,
tea and porcelain from China. Indian traded with the world and was
famous for its handmade textiles, such as ¢
 which was a
traditional Indian pattern. During this period, estern power became
increasingly interested in annexing Asian territories for trade purpose.
V In the á th century, Europe w  

 ww
w ruled international trade through the web of its international
trading companies, thanks to the development of its marine, and its
colonies.
V In general, the economy during this time was still agriculturally-based.
France and England shared North America, Spain and Portugal central
and South America and they developed these conquests and their
economies through agriculture (thanks to slavery) and commerce
(slave trade, cotton trade, tobacco, coffee, etc...)
China was flourishing too with silk and "China" trade but with no army
outside its empire and no colonies.
V During the á th century, European rulers were very interested in Asian
goods, including spices, cotton, silk, and tea; the trade worked only one
way however, as Asia wanted no European manufactured goods. Asia
became a "gold drain" for Europe
V Trade between Eastern and estern Europe increased significantly
during this time.