IS 4420

Database Fundamentals

Chapter 2:
Database Development Process

Leon Chen
1
 Overview
 Definition of terms
 System development life cycle
 Prototyping approach
 Three-schema approach
 Packaged data models
 Project management

2
 Enterprise Data Model
 First step in database development
 Specifies scope and general content
 Overall picture of organizational data at high
level of abstraction
 Entity-relationship diagram
 Descriptions of entity types
 Relationships between entities
 Business rules

3
Figure 2-1 Segment from enterprise data model (Pine
Valley Furniture Company)

Enterprise data model describes

the high-level entities in an
organization and the
relationship between these
entities

4
Information Systems Architecture
(ISA)
 Conceptual blueprint for organization’s desired
information systems structure
 Consists of:
 Data (e.g. Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)
 Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition,
etc.
 Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.9)
 People – people management using project management
tools (Gantt charts, etc.)
 Events and points in time (when processes are performed)
 Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)

5
 Information Engineering
 A data-oriented methodology to create and
maintain information systems
 Top-down planning: a generic IS planning
methodology for obtaining a broad understanding
of the IS needed by the entire organization
 Four steps to Top-Down planning:
 Planning
 Analysis
 Design
 Implementation

6
 Two Approaches to Database
and IS Development
 SDLC
 System Development Life Cycle
 Detailed, well-planned development process
 Time-consuming, but comprehensive
 Long development cycle
 Prototyping
 Rapid application development (RAD)
 Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling.
 Define database during development of initial prototype
 Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new
prototype versions

7
 Systems Development Life Cycle

Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design

Waterfall Implementation

Maintenance

8
 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(Figures 2-4, 2-5)
Project Identification
and Selection Purpose --preliminary understanding
Project Initiation Deliverable –request for project
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design
Database activity –
enterprise modeling Implementation

Maintenance

9
 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Project Identification
Purpose – state business situation and solution
and Selection
Deliverable – request for analysis
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design
Database activity –
conceptual data modeling Implementation

Maintenance

10
 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Project Identification Purpose – thorough analysis
and Selection Deliverable – functional system specifications
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design
Database activity –
conceptual data modeling Implementation

Maintenance

11
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Project Identification Purpose – information requirements structure
and Selection Deliverable – detailed design specifications
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design
Database activity –
logical database design Implementation

Maintenance

13
14
 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Purpose – develop technology specs
Project Identification Deliverable – program/data
and Selection structures, technology purchases,
Project Initiation organization redesigns
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Database activity – Physical Design

physical database design
Implementation

Maintenance

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Purpose – programming, testing, training,
Project Identification installation, documenting
and Selection Deliverable – operational programs,
Project Initiation documentation, training materials
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Database activity – Physical Design

database implementation
Implementation

Maintenance

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 Systems Development Life Cycle (cont.)
(figures 2-4, 2-5)
Project Identification
and Selection Purpose – monitor, repair, enhance
Project Initiation Deliverable – periodic audits
and Planning
Analysis

Logical Design

Physical Design
Database activity –
database maintenance Implementation

Maintenance

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Systems Development Database
Life Cycle Development Process
Project Identification Enterprise modeling
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning Conceptual data modeling
Analysis

Logical Design Logical database design

Physical database design

Physical Design
and definition
Implementation Database implementation

Maintenance Database maintenance

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19
Different people
have different
views of the
database…these
are the external
schema

The internal
schema is the
underlying
design and
implementation

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 Database Schema
 Conceptual Schema
 E-R models – covered in chapters 3 and 4
 Internal Schema
 Logical schema – covered in chapters 5
 Physical schema – covered in chapters 6
 External Schema
 User Views
 Subsets of Conceptual Schema
 Can be determined from business-function/data entity
matrices
 DBA determines schema for different users

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 Packaged Data Models
 Model components that can be purchased,
customized, and assembled into full-scale data
models
 Advantages
 Reduced development time
 Higher model quality and reliability
 Two types:
 Universal data models
 Industry-specific data models

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 CASE
 Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) –
software tools providing automated support for
systems development
 Three database features:
 Data modeling – entity-relationship diagrams
 Code generation – SQL code for table creation
 Repositories – knowledge base of enterprise
information

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 Managing Projects
 Project – a planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective
that has a beginning and an end
 Project management is a balance of:
 Scope
 Schedule
 Cost
 Quality
 Project management life cycle
1. Initiation
2. Planning and scheduling
3. Control
4. Closing
 Project management tool: Microsoft Project
 Incremental (creeping) commitment – review of systems development
project after each development phase with rejustification after each phase

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 Managing Projects:
People Involved
 Systems analysts
 Database analysts
 Users
 Programmers
 Database/data administrators
 Systems programmers, network
administrators, testers, technical writers

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Figure 2-8a Gantt Chart

Shows time estimates of tasks

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Figure 2-8b PERT chart
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

27
Shows dependencies between tasks
Systems Development Database
Life Cycle Development Process
Project Identification Enterprise modeling
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning Conceptual data modeling
Analysis

Logical Design Logical database design

Physical database design

Physical Design
and definition
Implementation Database implementation

Maintenance Database maintenance

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