URINARY SYSTEM

Prepared by:
CERINA JOY ALARCA RN
 Functions of the Urinary System
• The kidneys produce urine
• The ureters transport urine to the urinary
bladder
• The urinary bladder stores urine
• The urethra transports urine to the outside
of the body
Fig. 23.1
 Functions of the Urinary System
• The following functions are performed by
the kidneys:
1. Excretion (eliminates waste)
2. Regulate blood volume and pressure
3. Regulation of the concentration of solutes in
the blood (ion concentration)
4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH
5. Regulation of red blood cell synthesis
6. Vitamin D production
 Kidney Anatomy and Histology
• Location and External Anatomy of the
Kidneys
– Lie behind the peritoneum on the posterior
abdominal wall on each side of the
vertebral column
– Surrounded by a renal capsule and fat and
is held in place by the renal fascia
– The hilum, on the medial side of each
kidney, is where blood vessels and nerves
enter and exit the kidney
Anatomy
of the
Urinary
System

Fig. 23.2
 Internal Anatomy and Histology of
the Kidneys
• The two layers of the kidney are the
cortex and the medulla
– The renal columns extend into the medulla
between the renal pyramids
– The tips of the renal pyramids project to the
minor calyces
• The minor calyces open into the major
calyces, which open into the renal pelvis
• The renal pelvis leads to the ureter
Longitudinal
Section of
the Kidney
and Ureter

Fig. 23.3
 Functional
Unit of the
Kidney – the
Nephron

Fig. 23.4
 Capillary Beds of the Nephron
• Blood pressure in the glomerulus is high
because:
– Arterioles are high-resistance vessels
– Afferent arterioles have larger diameters than
efferent arterioles
• Fluids and solutes are forced out of the
blood throughout the entire length of the
glomerulus
 Renal
Corpuscle

Fig. 23.5
 Urine Production
• The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma
volume 60 times each day
• The filtrate:
– Contains all plasma components except protein
– Loses water, nutrients, and essential ions to
become urine
• The urine contains metabolic wastes and
unneeded substances
• Urine is produced by the processes of
– Filtration
– Tubular reabsorption
– Tubular secretion
 Hormonal Regulation of Urine
Concentration and Volume
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
– Secreted by the posterior pituitary
– Inhibits diuresis
• This equalizes the osmolality of the filtrate and
the interstitial fluid
– Increases water permeability in the distal
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts by
stimulating the insertion of aquaporin-2 molecules
into apical membranes
– In the presence of ADH, 99% of the water in filtrate
is reabsorbed
 Hormonal Regulation of Urine
Concentration and Volume
• Renin—Angiotensin—Aldosterone
– Renin, produced by the kidneys, causes the
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
– Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts
angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which stimulates
aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex
– Aldosterone affects Na+ and Cl - transport in the
nephron and collecting ducts by stimulating an
increase in transport proteins
 Hormonal Regulation of Urine
Concentration and Volume
• Renin—Angiotensin—Aldosterone
– Aldosterone regulates the body’s water content by
regulating the body’s Na+ content (assuming that
ADH maintains blood osmolality)
• A decrease in blood pressure results in increased renin
secretion, aldosterone secretion, Na+ reabsorption,
blood volume, and blood pressure
• An increase in blood pressure results in decreased
renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, Na+
reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure
 Effect of Aldosterone on
Ion Movement

Fig. 23.15
ANH and the Regulation of Na+ and Water

Fig. 23.16
 Urine Movement
• Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters
and Urinary Bladder
– The walls of the ureter and urinary bladder
consist of
• Epithelium
– Transitional epithelium permits changes in size
• Lamina propria
• Muscular coat
– Contraction of the smooth muscle moves urine
• Fibrous adventitia
 Urine Movement
• Anatomy and Histology of the Urethra
– The urethra is lined with transitional and
stratified squamous epithelium
• Males have an internal urethral sphincter of
smooth muscle that prevents retrograde
ejaculation of semen
• An external urethral sphincter of skeletal
muscle allows voluntary control of urination
 Fig.
23.17
 Urine Movement
• Urine Flow Through the Nephron and
Ureters
– A pressure gradient causes urine to flow
from Bowman’s capsule to the ureters
– Peristalsis moves urine through the ureters
Effects of Aging on the Kidneys
• There is a gradual decrease in the size
of the kidney
– Associated with a decrease in renal blood
flow
– The number of functional nephrons
decreases
• Renin secretion and vitamin D synthesis
decreases
• Nephron secretion and absorbtion
declines
 Body Fluids
• Intracellular fluid is inside cells
• Extracellular fluid is outside cells and
includes interstitial fluid and plasma
 Intracellular Fluid

• Substances used or produced inside the

cell
• Substances exchanged with the
extracellular fluid
• Plasma membrane regulates the
movement of materials
• The difference between intracellular and
extracellular fluid concentrations
determines water movement
Effect of Blood Osmolality and Pressure
on Water Intake

Fig.
23.20
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