TRAINING MATERIAL ON

SEVEN QC TOOLS
AND
THE NEW SEVEN TOOLS

No.36, Mukta Building, 8th Main, 18th Cross,

Malleswaram, Bangalore – 560 055
Ph/Fax : 080-3440703, 3311622
 SEVEN QC TOOLS
Check sheet

Histogram

Pareto diagram

Cause and effect diagram

Scatter diagram

Stratification

Graphs and control charts

 THE NEW SEVEN TOOLS

1. Affinity diagram

2. Relations diagram

3. Tree diagram

4. Matrix diagram

5. Process decision programme chart

6. Arrow diagram

7. Matrix data analysis

 CHECK SHEET
 This is a data collection device oriented towards defect
prevention

 Defect prevention is the goal of quality control

 Consider the following cycle

 Defect prevention

 Means prediction

 Means following statistical laws of behaviour

 Means use of data which comes from inspection

 CHECK SHEET

 Hence for a good defect prevention program, the

inspection system should be very strong.

 This means good planning for data collection

 Exercise : what are the criteria for planning a good

data collection system ?
DATA COLLECTION DEVICE
CAN BE IN THE FORM OF
 Tabular structure

 Pictorial (location type)

 Graphical

 Matrix structure

 Check list structure

 Automatic acquisition through electronic media

 Exercise: design a check sheet

 HISTOGRAM
 Histogram can also be considered as a check sheet.

 Histogram is a frequency diagram.

 This is more applicable for measurement data.

 The x-axis is the measurement and

 The y-axis is the frequency.

 The spacing in the x-axis is uniform and

 The frequency is represented by a bar diagram.

 HISTOGRAM
 The x-axis is ordered in the sense that it starts from
the smallest and ends with the highest covering the
entire range.

 The height of the bar in the y-axis is proportional to

the frequency.

 The bars are arranged so that they touch each

other horizontally.

 Exercise: draw the histogram.

 HISTOGRAM

 There are four interpretations for the histogram

 Look at the specifications – it indicates the acceptance

and rejection or non-conformance.

 Look at the peak – it represents the setting.

 Look at the width – it represents the capability.

 Look at the shape – it represents the predictability.

 HISTOGRAM

 Obviously the importance of the above interpretations

is in the reverse order.

 Exercise: comment on the histograms given to you.

 PARETO DIAGRAM

 It is named after the italian economist pareto.

 It represents an important law of life!

 This is another ordered bar diagram.

 The x-axis represents categories.

 The y-axis represents contribution in

percentage terms.
 PARETO DIAGRAM
 The x-axis is spaced uniformly.

 The y-axis is represented by bars whose height is

equivalent to the percentage contribution to the
total.

 There is an order in the arrangement of the bars.

 The left side starts from the highest and goes

down in the descending order towards the right.
 PARETO DIAGRAM

 A cumulative line is also shown in the diagram.

 This cumulative line is used to identify the vital few

from the useful many.

This property of distinguishing the vital few from

the useful many is the underlying philosophy of

the pareto principle

 PARETO DIAGRAM
 There is a basic law of nature

 There are only a few items contributing to a

major share of the output.

 Hence by controlling the few contributors

a great benefit can be derived.

 Obviously there is a management principle hidden

in this law
 PARETO DIAGRAM
 Exercise:

What is the management principle hidden in the

pareto principle ?

 Exercise:

Comment on the following pareto diagram

 CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAM
 This is also known as ishikawa diagram named after
the person who invented it.

 Other names are fishbone diagram, windows of

technology.

 This technique is based on the belief that there is a

cause or there are causes which affect any output.

 This is a structured way of capturing all the

causes affecting a given effect.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAM
 Brainstorming is a good starting point for this
technique.

 The key success factor in this technique is the ability

to involve all concerned in an organisation .(including
workmen)

 The technique offers a good classification of the

causes for further action.

 The classification can be man machine, method, etc.

Or it can be process stage wise or it can be part wise
for an assembly, etc.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAM
 This technique can be innovatively used for the
following:

 Training

 Data collection

 Problem solving discussions

 On line updation of knowledge

 Further explosion of each sub cause