Rocks

Sedimentary
 Formed under water bodies
 Sedimentary Rocks
 80 % of Earth’s surface is
covered with sediments and
Sedimentary Rocks
 What is sediment????
 Broken pieces of rocks called
CLASTS

 Chemical precipitates ( dissolved

solids come out of solution)

 Organic fragments – shells, decayed

plant matter – this is called
BIOCLASTIC
 Source of Sediment

 Weathering is the general term for all

actions that break down or wear
away rock

 Erosion is the carrying away of the

sediment
 Clastic

Formed by compaction and

cementation
 Ex: sandstone, shale, conglomerate
 Bioclastic
 Form from compression of dead
organisms
 Ex: Fossil, limestone, coal, petrified
wood
 ORGANIC Sedimentary Rocks
Bioclastic Sediment

LIMESTONE AND CORALS

 Dissolved minerals taken out of solution
by marine organisms for their hard parts
(shells) can pile up on the seafloor when
they die.
 These fossil remains accumulate into a
thick enough layer to form an “organic”
sedimentary rock
 Cement is commonly calcite ( bubbles
with acid)
COAL
 Decayed plant remains
BIOCLASTIC LIMESTONE CHEMICALLY PRECIPITATED
LIMESTONE

COAL
 Crystalline
 Formed by evaporation and
precipitation of minerals.
 Also called evaporites
 Ex: rocksalt, gypsum
 ROCK SALT Intergrown
crystals of just
1 mineral

DOLOSTONE

ROCK GYPSUM
 Sediments
are
pebbles,
cobbles,
and
boulders
rounded

Breccia
angular
 Silt (0.006 to 0.0004 cms.
SILTSTONE

Sand (0.2 to 0.006 cms.)

SANDSTONE

Clay (less than 0.0004 cms.)

SHALE
 Metamorphic Rock
 Formed by the recrystalization by
extreme temperature and/or
pressure
 HEAT EFFECTS
 Temperature increases with
depth or contact with magma
 Recrystallization – a process
that forms new mineral crystals
because the mineral is no longer
stable at the new temperature
• Changesto a new (high
temperature) mineral
 PRESSURE EFFECTS
 Pressure increases with depth –
weight of overlying rock (see
page 10 ESRT)
 Mineral crystals grow larger

 Mineral crystals are more dense

 Mineral crystals grow

perpendicular to pressure
 Mineral crystals are arranged in
parallel layers – PRODUCES
FOLIATION
 FOLIATION
 Pressure actually rearranges the
minerals into parallel layers.

 More pressure – minerals grow

larger and recrystallize and separate
into layers

 Even more pressure – alternating

layers of light and dark minerals
called
 Banding
 Shows foliation = layering of crystals
 Distorted structures
 A lot of curves and folds in the bands
 They used to be horizonal but the heat
and pressure has folded them
 2 Types of Metamorphism
• Regional Metamorphism – Occurs
over large areas where there is
active mountain building
a) Convergent plate boundaries

• Contact Metamorphism – areas in

contact with magma intrusions
and/or lava extrusions
 2 Types of Metamorphism
• Regional Metamorphism – Occurs
over large areas where there is
active mountain building
a) Convergent plate boundaries

• Contact Metamorphism – areas in

contact with magma intrusions
and/or lava extrusions
A metamorphic rock
exposed to too much
heat will melt and
become ???

MAGMA
 CONTACT
METAMORPHISM
 Contact Metamorphic
 Metamorphism
means "changed
form".
 The Changes occur
because of:
 Heat from magma
intruding on the
surrounding rock
 Very little pressure
 Near magma chambers (plutons)

 Rocks in “contact” with the

magma are baked

 New minerals are formed –

recrystallization

 Transition zone of contact

metamorphism is usually relatively
narrow baking the adjacent rocks
Contact Metamorphism –
Baking the adjacent rocks
 Symbol for Contact
Metamorphism is a line with
tick marks

When limestone undergoes contact

metamorphism what rock will it
metamorphose into? Sandstone??
PARENT ROCK IN THE COMMENTS
LIMESTONE METAMORPHOSES INTO MARBLE
SANDSTONE METAMORPHOSES INTO QUARTZITE
IGNEOUS ROCKS
 MAGMA VS. LAVA
Magma – molten material
BELOW the surface of the
Earth

Lava – molten material

AT OR ABOVE earth’s
surface
 ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION
COOLING HISTORY
MAGMA LAVA

Intrusive – below the Extrusive - above the

surface surface

A pluton is a body or Ejected from volcano

chamber of magma deep
inside the crust.
Rocks formed when
magma cools and
solidifies are called
INTRUSIVE (PLUTONIC)
Rocks formed when lava
cools and solidifies are
called
EXTRUSIVE (VOLCANIC)
 Formation of Igneous
Rocks
 COOLING
AND SOLIDIFICATION OF
MAGMA/LAVA

 INTERGROWN OR INTERCONNECTED
SILICATE CRYSTALS IN A RANDOM
PATTERN – NOT ORGANIZED
 IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE
CLASSIFIED BASED ON 2
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

 TEXTURE – MINERAL GRAIN

SIZE

 MINERAL COMPOSITION
 Classification of Igneous Rocks
by Texture
 WHAT IS TEXTURE?

It is not how it feels

SIZE OF MINERAL CRYSTALS

What controls texture?
How fast an igneous rock
cools.
What controls how fast an
igneous rock cools?
Where the rock is formed.
slower cooling
coarser crystals

deep in ground
ESRT – TOP OF THE IGNEOUS
ROCK SCHEME TELLS THE
TEXTURE / GRAIN SIZE
 Classification of Igneous Rocks
– Texture or Grain Size
Extrusive Extrusive Intrusive Intrusive

Volcanic - Volcanic- Plutonic - Plutonic -

LAVA LAVA MAGMA MAGMA
Extremely Fast Slow Extremely
fast cooling Cooling Cooling slow
cooling
Glassy- Fine- Coarse- Very
vesicular grained grained Coarse-
(gas grained
pockets)
Non-
crystalline
EXTRUSIVE – VOLCANIC - LAVA
 When lava cools extremely fast crystals
have no time to form – JUST FROZEN
IN PLACE RANDOMLY WHEN LAVA
ENTERS ATMOSPHERE OR WATER
 GLASSY – NON-CRYSTALLINE
Non-vesicular Vesicular
gas
pockets
 EXTRUSIVE – VOLCANIC - LAVA
Lava that cools fast at or near the
Earth’s surface

Produces small crystals

FINE-GRAINED TEXTURE
not easily seen with the naked eye.
 INTRUSIVE – PLUTONIC - MAGMA
Magma that cools slowly deep
underground
produces large crystals
COARSE-GRAINED TEXTURE
easily seen with the naked eye.
INTRUSIVE – PLUTONIC - MAGMA
EXTREMELY SLOW COOLING
HAS ABNORMALLY LARGE
CRYSTALS AND IS VERY
COARSE.  
 IGNEOUS ROCK
MANTRA
 INTERGROWN CRYSTALS
IN A RANDOM PATTERN
FOR ALL ROCKS EXCEPT:
NO CRYSTALS
 OBSIDIAN – GLASSY

 PUMICE, SCORIA,

VESICULAR BASALT – GAS

THE BOTTOM OF THE IGNEOUS ROCK
SCHEME TELLS YOU THE COMPOSITION
TEXTURE + COMPOSITION CAN NAME
Igneous Rocks Consist of 7 Silicate Minerals

Quartz

Potassium feldspar

Plagioclase feldspar

Biotite mica

Amphibole (hornblende)

Pyroxene

Olivine

NO SINGLE IGNEOUS ROCKS IS MADE

UP OF ALL 7 MINERALS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

IN THE MIDDLE OF THE IGNEOUS

ROCK SCHEME ARE
CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON
WHICH OF THE 7 SILICATE
MINERALS ARE IN EACH ROCK.
NOTICE 2 NEW WORDS
FELSIC AND MAFIC
 FELSIC VS. MAFIC
FELSIC MAFIC

“FEL” = FELDSPARS “MA” = MAGNESIUM

“SIC” = SILICA “F” = IRON

High % of quartz, feldspars, “IC” = SILICA

mica High % of pyroxene, feldspars,
amphibole

LIGHTER IN COLOR LESS DENSE DARKER IN COLOR

MORE DENSE
Continental mixed oceanic mantle
FELSIC MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC
FELSIC
COMPOSITION
COLUMN
+
COARSE
TEXTURE
ROW
IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION

FELSIC ROCKS – CONTINENTAL

CRUST

GRANITE – coarse-grained
(continental crust)
RHYOLITE – fine-grained
OBSIDIAN - glassy and
PUMICE - porous (vesicular).
PEGMATITE - very coarse-grained
IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION

MAFIC ROCKS –OCEANIC CRUST

GABBRO – coarse-grained

BASALT – fine-grained
(ocean crust)

SCORIA – vesicular (gas pockets)

VESICULAR BASALT – vesicular

IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION

INTERMEDIATE ROCKS
MIXED FELSIC/MAFIC
MIXED CRUST

ANDESITE (named for Andes

Mountains) – fine-grained
2nd most abundant volcanic
rock in Earth’s crust.

DIORITE – coarse-grained
IGNEOUS ROCK COMPOSITION

ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS – form from magma in

ASTHENOSPHERE
Dominated by Fe-Mg silicates, olivine and pyroxene.
Very dark in color and dense
Found at converging continental
plate boundaries.
Peridotite

Dunite
 EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE

Figure 4.7 A Granite Rhyolite

MINERAL COMPOSITION THE SAME – TEXTURE ONLY DIFFERENCE
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
 INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE

Andesite
MINERAL COMPOSITION THE SAME ---- TEXTURE ONLY DIFFERENCE
Diorite
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
 INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE

Gabbro Basalt
MINERAL COMPOSITION THE SAME – TEXTURE ONLY DIFFERENCE
Intrusive vs. Extrusive
 Rock Formation
 Almost all rocks are made of
minerals
 The environment that a rock forms I
will determine three characteristics:
1. Composition: the type of minerals the
rock is made of
2. Structure: whether the rock has layers
and what the layers look like
3. Texture: how large the crystals of
minerals are and their shape
 Rock Cycle
 Any one rock type can be changed
into any other
 There is no perfected direction of
movement.