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m
 

in 1840s the new technologies came quickly one
after the other, within a span of about fifty years.
A German Scientist, Heinrich Hertz, had been
experimenting with some curious electromagnetic
phenomena that had produced in the laboratory. By
1887 he had demonstrated the existence of what we
know today as radio waves.
This discovery became the foundation of radio
broadcasting. Later, in 1895 Marconi succeeded in
sending coded messages over a considerable distance
across his father¶s estate. He look his invention to
London in 1897 and obtain a patent as well as
financial backing to develop his ³wireless telegraph´
further.
m


The first was the electric dot and dash telegraph (1844), followed
by the telephone (1876), the wireless telegraph (1896) and finally
radio telephone (1906). With the adaptations of radiotelephone
technology in early 1920s, radio became a mass medium for
household use.
Christmas Eve, 1906, Reginald Fessenden (using his heterodyne
principle) transmitted the first radio audio broadcast in history from
Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that
included Fessenden playing the song O Holy Night on the violin
and reading a passage from the Bible.
The world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment
commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle
near Chelmsford, England, which was also the location of the
world's first "wireless" factory.


After World War I, in increasing numbers, amateur radio fans were
attracted to the medium.

Before radio broadcasting could be a Mass medium, it had to make

the transition from a long-range rather cumbersome device for
maritime, commercial and governmental communication to an
easy-to-use system that would bring program content to people in
their homes. In 1916, David Sarnoff, had gone to work for the
American Marconi Company and wrote a now famous
memorandum to his boss that outlined the way that radio could
become a medium for home use. However his proposal was
rejected by his authorities.
 

  

it was the International telegraphic Convention, organized in 1895

by twenty five European countries to work out agreements on
telegraphic and cable operators. The first conference devoted
specifically to radio was held in Berlin in 1903, and important rules
were agreed upon.

Radio got huge popularity in the era of Great Depression 1930s. In

the mid 1930s things happened that were very important to the
future of broadcasting. One of which was the development of an
entirely different technology for broadcasting called frequency
Modulation (FM).
m 

In 1933 Edwin Armstrong developed a new kind of radio signal

based on frequency modulation rather than amplitude modulation.
These FM radio signals were able to carry much higher and lower
audio frequencies.

AM signals travel from transmitter in all directions. It can carry

signals over very long distances.

The FM signal is different; at very high and ultra high frequencies

it simply goes in a straight line in all directions and does not
bounce up and down.
 

!"

March 1926 :The Indian Broadcasting Company. A private
company was formed.
23rd July,1927: IBC started a station at Bombay. The beginning
of broadcasting in sub-continent.
1928 A small transmitting station was set up at Lahore.
April 1930 Broadcasting under the direct control of Govt. under
the title of
Jan 1935 Peshawar Radio Station was set up by KPK
Government ±250 watts transmitter.
Jan 1936 Delhi Radio Station was Opened.
Dec 1937 The Lahore Radio Station went on air
1939 Dhaka Radio station was opened
12th Nov 1939 Quaid-e-Azam¶s first radio broadcast from
Bombay on Eid-Day
July 1942 Peshawar Radio Station formally inaugurated
 

!"

3rd June 1947 Quaid-e-Azam makes historic address on All India
Radio and announced the creation of newly independent state of
Pakistan for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent

The 1st news bulletin went on air from Radio Pakistan on²
AUG.14, 1947.

Since independence various AM broadcasting stations have been

developed in different parts of the country

FM transmission started in 1990s and gained popularity

immediately after its introduction for two reasons; one it was
directly targeting youth second, it used music as a tool to catch
audiences.
à



Home Service (Domestic Network) 21 languages.

World Service for Overseas Pakistanis (Middle-East
and Western Europe)
External Service (in almost all important international
languages)
News and Current Affairs
Saut ul Quran (Religious Broadcasting)
`
 
 
In 1884 a German a experimenter, Paul Nipkow, developed a
rotating disk with small holes arranged in a spiral pattern that when
used with a light source had unusual properties. Although the
scanning disk was unique to early TV experiments, the entire
histories of radio and television are closely intertwined. All of the
inventions and technologies that made radio broadcasting possible
are also part of the history of television. In addition the social and
economic organization of the industry was already set before TV
became a reality.
The inventor of television, the device responsible for receiving
voice as well as images, is John Logie Baird of Scotland. But
obviously the new invention has been the result of the extensive
work done by scores of other scientists as well.
`
 
 
First Pictures were shown on Sept 7, 1927.

By 1935, mechanical systems for transmitting black-and-white

images were replaced completely by electronic methods that could
generate hundreds of horizontal bands at 30 frames per second.
Vladimir K. Zworykin, a Russian immigrant who first worked for
Westinghouse, patented an electronic camera tube based on the
cathode tube. Philo T. Farnsworth and Allen B. Dumont, both
Americans, developed a pickup tube that became the home
television receiver by 1939.
`
 
 
The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) had entered
the color TV fray and battled with RCA to perfect color
television.
Rival broadcasts appeared throughout the 1940s
although progress was slowed by both World War II
and the Korean War.
Commercial color television broadcasts were underway
in the United States by 1954. By 1946, FCC had issued
24 new licenses for television transmitters
`
 
 
1948-1952 is considered as the Big Freeze in USA
when FCC ordered a freeze on the issuance of new
licenses and construction permits. The reason was that
the signals of one station sometimes interfered with
those of another. During the freeze FCC developed a
master plan that still governs TV broadcasting in USA.
The system prevents one station from interfering with
the broadcasts of another thus avoiding the chaos that
characterized early radio broadcasting. The freeze was
lifted in 1952.
1950-59 was an exciting time period for television. In the USA,
B&W television exploded onto the scene at the beginning of the
decade, mid-decade saw electronic color television and remote
controls launched, and at the end of the decade the public
witnessed some interesting styling changes and the introduction of
transistorized television.
` à   
à

The history of motion pictures as a mass medium is short, spanning
less than a century.
During 1880s and 1890s various crude motion picture cameras
were underdevelopment and a number of showmen were
entertaining people with motion pictures based on serially
projected drawings. Then during 189s applications of film and
viewing procedures virtually exploded. By 1895 greatly impressed
French audiences were seeing brief motion pictures projected on a
screen by August Lumière and Luis Lumière. Other applicants of
the new technology soon followed and several individuals
clamoured for the title of inventor of the motion picture. But it was
William Dickson, assistant to Thomas Alva Edison, who perfected
the motion picture camera.
` à   
à

Meanwhile Edison and Thomas Armat developed a practical and
reliable projection system to which the called Vitascope. Vitascope
had many shortcomings but its major flaw was that it projected at a
wasteful 48 frames per second, whereas 16 frames easily provide
the illusion of smooth motion.

Since, 1890s inventors had tried to combine the phonograph and

the motion picture to produce movies with synchronized sound.
Few of their contraptions worked well. The sound was either weak
and scratchy or poorly coordinated with the action in the film. But
the difficulties were overcome by the mid-190s. American
Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) used its enormous capital
resources to produce a reliable sound system. By 1926 Warner
Brothers had signed an agreement with AT&T and the transition to
sound was underway. Warner produced a new feature film The
Jazz Singer, including sound for 1927-28 season.

 
The Lumière Brothers of France exhibited their short films in
December 1895 at Grande Cafe, Paris.

The following year, they brought the show to India and held its
premiere at the Watson Hotel in Bombay on 7 July 1896.

Raja Harishchandra (1913) was the first silent feature film made in
subcontinent. It was made by Dadasaheb Phalke. By the 1930s, the
industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian
sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931), was a super hit.
There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals;
Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to
sound filming.
The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: like the whole world
the subcontinent was rocked by the
Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence
movement, and the violence of the Partition.
There were a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social
issues, or used the struggle for independence as a backdrop for
their plots.

    
In the early thirties, the silent Indian cinema began to
talk, sing and dance. Alam Ara produced by Ardeshir
Irani, released on March 14, 1931 was the first Indian
cinema with a sound track.
Mumbai became the hub of the Indian film industry
having a number of self-contained production units.
The thirties saw hits like Madhuri (1932), Indira, M A
(1934), Anarkali (1935), Miss Frontier Mail (1936), and
Punjab Mail (1939).
Ardeshir Irani's Ò
Ò(1937) was 

film. Sohrab Modi's Jhansi Ki Rani (1953) was the first


film shot in India.
m
  
Inaugural Pakistani film.

(Urdu) Teri Yaad became the first ever
released film but not the first film production in
Pakistan. It was completed in a record time. Lahore was
the third biggest film center in sub-continent - after
Bombay and Calcutta
 

For the people who make films, the medium
provides an avenue for expression and an
opportunity to practice a complex craft. It is
also a means to wealth for some or simply a
livelihood for others. The end product may be
frivolous and diverting; it may provide
information or training; it may make a social or
political statement; it may have important
aesthetic qualities. Thus it may seek to amuse
by providing diversion and enjoyment, to
educate as many documentaries do; to
influence, as in the case of wartime propaganda
films; or to enrich our cultural experiences.
m  
  

Constrained by rushed production schedules and small budgets,

some writers and musicians have been known to resort to
plagiarism. They copy ideas, plot lines, tunes from sources
Hollywood and other Western movies, Western pop hits).
In past times, this could be done with impunity. Copyright
enforcement was lax here. As for the Western sources, the film
industry was largely unknown to Westerners, who would not even
be aware that their material was being copied. Audiences also may
not have been aware of the plagiarism, since many in the Indian
audience were unfamiliar with Western films and tunes. While
copyright enforcements are more familiar with foreign movies and
music, flagrant plagiarism may have diminished however, there is
no general agreement that it has.
#
$
In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially
with the advance of technology, first there was the telegraph, then
the radio, television and now the internet.

We live in a society that depends on information and

communication to keep moving in the right direction and do our
daily activities like work, entertainment, health care, education,
personal relationships, traveling and anything else that we have to
do.
#
$
What we need to be aware is that most of our decisions, beliefs and
values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions and
our own experience. In our work we usually know what we have to
do based on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives
we rely on the media to get the current news and facts about what
is important and what we should be aware of.

We have put our trust on the media as an authority to give us news,

entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass
media on our kids, teenagers and society is so big that we should
know how it really works.
%m&m'
But who owns the media, which are the companies or people that
shape our values, beliefs and decisions? The media is basically
dominated by five major companies they are:

Time Warner
VIACOM
Vivendi Universal
Walt Disney
News Corp
Those 5 companies 
 that we get every
day. They own the major entertainment theme parks, entertainment
movie studios, television and radio broadcast networks and
programing, video news and sports entertainment.

They also own integrated telecommunications, wireless phones,

video games softwares, electronic media, the music industry and
more.

Years ago there was more diversity in companies, but

they have merged so now they are just a few and they
have the power to shape the opinion and beliefs of us
and our kids.
`m
New media refers to forms of human and media
communication that have been transformed by the
creative use of technology to fulfill the basic social
need to interact and transact. It is the marriage of
technology, communication and design.

New Media is anything that is technologically on the

cutting edge. This includes everything that deals with
technology from iPhones, to mash ups, and real time
gaming.
      
The term 'new media' gained popular currency in the mid 1990s as
part of a marketing pitch for the
proliferation of interactive educational and entertainment CD-
ROMs. One of the key features of this early
new media was the implication that corporations, not individual
creators, would control copyright.

Using the terms "New Media" and "Old Media" is not always
clear. To the people living technologically advanced areas like the
US or Japan, new media becomes old media fast. When it comes to
third world countries and smaller underdeveloped countries, our
old media is new media to them.
`m
Video games and virtual worlds as they impact
marketing and public relations.
Multimedia CD-ROMs
Software
Web sites including brochure ware
blogs and wikis
Email and attachments
Electronic kiosks
Interactive television
Mobile devices
Podcasting
Hypertext fiction
'
   
No longer must anyone who wants to individually
communicate a unique message to each recipient be
restricted to communicating with only one person at a
time.

No longer must anyone who wants to communicate

simultaneous messages to a mass of recipients be
unable to individualize the content of the message for
each recipient.
   à 

The term 'moral panic' can be defined as an occurrence

which is categorized by a stylized and stereotypical
representation by the mass media, which in return
develops a threat to societal values and interests
(Cohen, 2004)

One form of media that is causing a wide world panic,

is the use of the Internet.