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This document provides an overview of stress as a physiological and psychological response. It discusses key terminology around stress responses, including negative physiological states like increased heart rate and negative psychological responses like fear or anxiety. It then covers Selye's general adaptation syndrome model of the body's three-stage response to stressors through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Finally, it discusses effects of stress on the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems.
This document provides an overview of stress as a physiological and psychological response. It discusses key terminology around stress responses, including negative physiological states like increased heart rate and negative psychological responses like fear or anxiety. It then covers Selye's general adaptation syndrome model of the body's three-stage response to stressors through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Finally, it discusses effects of stress on the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems.
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This document provides an overview of stress as a physiological and psychological response. It discusses key terminology around stress responses, including negative physiological states like increased heart rate and negative psychological responses like fear or anxiety. It then covers Selye's general adaptation syndrome model of the body's three-stage response to stressors through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Finally, it discusses effects of stress on the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
response TERMINOLOGY ON STRESS “...a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological responses occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their well-being which they may be unable to meet” (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) “...a pattern of physiological, behavioural, emotional, and cognitive responses to real or imagined stimuli that are perceived as preventing a goal or endangering or otherwise threatening well-being” (Linsky et al., 1995) NEGATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO STRESS Negative physiological states and psychological responses to stress mean also that oneself is protected against the worse in one’s health
Negative Physiological States: Increase of Heart Rate
and Blood Pressure, Rise of Blood Sugars, Deeper Breathing, Increase of Perspiration, Secretion of Adrenaline, Digestion is Stopping Negative Psychological Responses: Fear, Anger, Hostility, Embarrassment, Depression, Helplessness, Anxiety STRESS AND STRESSORS People experience stress according Death of Spouse to life situations (events) that feel difficult to cope with. These life Divorce situations (events) are generally Marital Separation known as stressors (agents of considerable tension) Jail term Examples of the top 10: Death of close Family Member Personal Illness or Injury Marriage Fired at Work Marital reconciliation Retirement THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 (A BRIEF PRESENTATION) THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM 2 (IN PICTURE) Brain or cranial nerves Spinal cord: Conductor of sensory and motor nerve impulses Cervical spinal nerves: Nerves around the neck Thoracic spinal nerves: nerves associated to the upper body Lumbar spinal nerves: Nerves near the back and the hips Sacral spinal nerves: Nerves around the genital area; around the sacred rites of the body THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESSORS 1 (PITUITARY AND ADRENAL SYSTEM)
Pituitary gland: Located at the base of the brain; consisting of two
parts: the anterior pituitary (the front part) which releases hormones via blood vessels; the posterior pituitary (the back part), sending impulses down to funnel-shaped part (channel-like part) of the pituitary CRH: Corticotrophic-releasing hormone; ACTH: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Adrenal System: Situated at the top of kidneys; they receive regulatory input from the nervous system. Two parts: Adrenal medulla: it is the central core of the adrenal gland. Adrenal cortex: its work is to synthesise cortisosteroid (fat-combined small parts for the development of bodily activities) hormones from cholesterol THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESSORS 2 (BRAIN AND THE PITUITARY ADRENAL SYSTEM) SELYE (1936, 1976) AND THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS), OR THE PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYNDROME “...It suddenly struck me that one could look at [the experiments] from an entirely different angle. [Perhaps] there was such a thing as a non-specific reaction of the body to damage of any kind” (Selye, 1976) The General Adaptation System (GAS): Non-specific responses to stressors are automatically confronted from one’s body. That kind of defence on behalf of one’s body returns the body to its previous original state. Selye (1956) called the non-specific response to a stressor as General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) A back-fire to GAS: If repeated or prolonged exposure to a stressor cannot be managed by the GAS, individuals can suffer from tissue damage, increased susceptibility to disease, and in extreme cases even...death! INTERACTION OF THE GAS WITH THE CNS (HYPOTHALAMUS)/MACLEAN (1982) 1 The Primitive Brain: the reptilian brain/fear-threat- anger The Intermediate Brain: the paleo-mammalian brain/family concerns agonistic interactions, emotions The Cerebral Cortex/Gray Matter: the neo-mammalian brain/high intellectual activities: science, civilisation INTERACTION OF THE GAS WITH THE CNS (HYPOTHALAMUS) 2 Operating towards: Species-typical Behaviour: behaviours important for survival Homeostasis: the maintenance of a proper balance of physiological variables such as body temperature and fluid concentration INTERACTION OF THE GAS WITH THE ANS
The ANS controls internal
bodily processes, such as urination, digestion, the muscles Two branches: Parasympathetic (restoration and preservation of energy) and Sympathetic (engaging or withdrawing from activities) INTERACTION OF THE GAS WITH THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The Endocrine System is consisted of glands that secrete hormones The entire endocrine system is regulated by Hypothalamus The function of hypothalamus relates to understanding the bodily effects of stress on other endocrine glands THE THREE STAGES OF THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYSTEM The Alarm Reaction: the perception and evaluation of a stressor, consisted of the shock phase, and the countershock phase The Resistance Stage: Recovering from the initial shock and coping with the situation General Adaptation The Exhaustion Stage: Tissues System show signs of wear-and-tear; muscles come to a fatique state; blood sugar levels drop; endocrine glands and kidneys may be damaged EVALUATION OF SELYE’S APPROACH Selye’s GAS explains the physiology of stress. Although he claims about non-specific patterns of responses there can be found physiological activity patterns different from those of other stressors (Taylor, 1990) Selye’s research on stress was based in non-human subjects (rats), and he did not take into account the psychological factors to understanding stress Finally, Selye ignored the psychological effects of stressors in his patterns of responses to stress STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 1 (HEART DISEASE AND DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM) Type A Disorders: Individuals frequently engaging themselves in risky behaviours (smoking) or are psychologically reactive to stress. Type A individuals are likely to have coronary proneness to a cardiac disorder. Non-Type A Individuals: Are those who feel relaxed, easy- going, are forgiving and not easily angered. Funnily enough, the second category is more susceptible to a heart disease, because they don’t easily refer themselves to a doctor STRESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS 2 (ASSOCIATED TO HYPERTENSION – CHRONICALLY HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)
Blood flow is increased when ANS activity is heightened
Heightened blood flow causes hardening and deterioration of blood vessel tissues leading to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure Heart diseases, stroke, and kidney failure relate to urban life stressors, such as population density, crime rates, poverty conditions THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY) 1 The Immune System works towards fighting against antigens (bacteria, viruses, and other foreign hazardous bodies) Infectious illnesses relating to stress, such as influenza, herpes, etc. Decreased endorphins (a morphine-like substance) may produce irritability, anxiety, depression, difficulty in understanding, etc. THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY) 2
Acute and Chronic Stressors and the Immune System
1. Acute Stressors: Speaking in Public, Working to Deadlines, etc. 2. Chronic Stressors: Separation, Divorce, Caring for Others, etc. THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY) 3: ACUTE STRESSORS: THE SYMPATHO-ADRENOMEDULLARY AXIS THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY) 4: CHRONIC STRESSORS: HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS SUMMARY Stress is defined as a pattern of negative physiological states and psychological processes Selye concluded that non-humans respond in a non-specific physiological way to stressors; the General Adaptation syndrome (GAS) The GAS interacts with the CNS, the ANS, and the Endocrine System The key stages for GAS: the alarm reaction, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage Cardiovascular disorders are influenced by the presence of stress in one’s life The immune system may lose its full potential reactivity if an individual experiences stress QUESTION TO CONSIDER ON THIS SECTION
Definitions of stress and stressors. Discuss their pros and
cons Describe the general adaptation syndrome and evaluate it
Discuss the relationship between stress and
cardiovascular disorders Describe and evaluate the relationship between stress and the immune system REFERENCES Lazarus, R.S, Folkman, S. (19840: Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer Linsky, A. S., Bachman, R., Straus, M. A. (1995): Stress, Culture, and Aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press MacLean, P. D. (1982): On the origin and progressive evolution of the triune brain. In E. Armstrong & D. Falk (Eds.) Primate Brain Evolution. New York: Plenum Press Selye, H. (1936): A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature, 138, 32pp ________ (1976): The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw- Hill
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