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Mass wasting

Ú Any downslope movements of soil and

rock under the direction influence of
gravity
Ú Divided into 3 categories :
a) Slide (landslides)
b) Flow
c) Fall
`
`
DEFINATION
Ú V






 






 
 


 






 
 
  
    





 


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G `andslides occur when the stability of a slope

changes from a stable to an unstable condition.
G A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by
a number of factors, acting together or alone
GIt is usually possible to identify one or more
landslide causes and one landslide trigger.
Natural causes of landslides include:

1. groundwater (porewater) pressure acting to

destabilize the slope
2. loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure,
soil nutrients, and soil structure (e.g. after a
wildfire)
3. weakening of a slope through saturation by
snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy rains
4. earthquakes adding loads to barely-stable slope
 m !  ÷



[`andslides are aggravated by human activities

[ destabilize the already fragile slopes
[ include: deforestation, cultivation and construction

a. vibrations from machinery or traffic blasting

b. earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which
imposes new loads on an existing slope
c. in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation
that binds colluvium to bedrock
d. Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging)
which change the amount of water which infiltrates the
soil.
TYPES OF `ANDS`IDE
Anatomy of a `andslide
S`IDE
1) ?  

This is a slide in which the surface of
rupture is curved concavely upward and the
slide movement is roughly rotational about
an axis that is parallel to the ground surface
and transverse across the slide.
 u 
 
  


The landslide mass moves along a roughly planar

surface with little rotation or backward tilting.
FA``
Ú Falls are the simplest type of mass movement.
Ú Occur when a mass of rocks detaches from a cliff
and falls to the bottom.

 ?
? 
2)

Toppling failures are distinguished by the forward rotation
of a unit or units about some pivotal point, below or low
in the unit, under the actions of gravity and forces exerted
by adjacent units or by fluids in cracks..
F`OW
Ú p 





 
 




     


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1)
a) Debris flow
G Rapid mass movement in which a combination of loose
soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a
slurry that flows downslope.

GCommonly caused by intense surface-water flow, due to

heavy precipitation or rapid snowmelt, that erodes and
mobilizes loose soil or rock on steep slopes.
Gcaninclude anything from the smallest mud particles to
boulders, trees, cars, and parts of buildings.
Goccur when rain
GThe faster the water flow, the more the water can pick up
 Debris avalanche
This is a variety of very rapid to
extremely rapid debris flow.
 3) Earth flow & Mud flow
Î mave a characteristic "hourglass" shape.

Î The slope material liquefies and runs out, forming a bowl or

depression at the head.

Î The flow itself is elongate

Î Usually occurs in fine-grained materials or clay-bearing rocks on

moderate slopes and under saturated conditions.

> mainly made of the smallest mud and silt particles.

Extremely heavy rain, or a sudden thaw can trigger
these types of flows.
4) Mud Flow
Ú Consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly
and that contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-, and
clay-sized particles. In some instances, for example in
many newspaper reports, mudflows and debris flows are
commonly referred to as "mudslides."
 Creep
[ The imperceptibly slow, steady, downward
movement of slope-forming soil or rock.
[ caused by shear stress sufficient to produce
permanent deformation
[ too small to produce shear failure.
It's just a slow adjustment of soil and rocks that is so
hard to notice unless you can see the effects of the
movement.These effects would be things like
fenceposts shifted out of alignment, or telephone
poles tipping downslope.

Since the process is so slow, it can only be

monitored in terms of flow over long
periods of time.
`ateral Spreads
Ú Distinctive because they usually occur on very gentle
slopes or flat terrain.
Ú The failure is caused by liquefaction, the process
whereby saturated, loose, cohesionless sediments
(usually sands and silts) are transformed from a solid
into a liquefied state.
Ú Usually triggered by rapid ground motion, such as that
experienced during an earthquake, but can also be
artificially induced
` 

!  
 are regular natural disasters in
Malaysia which happen at the hillsides.

÷ 



Deforestation due to uncontained development

` 

!  

of hillslope areas are partly the cause of a
majority of landslides in Malaysia. There were
some instances where the development projects
at hill sites were abandoned for a considerable
period, affecting the maintenance of the slopes
could causing them to collapse.
 ANY
QUESTION
?