Radiation

1. Ionizing Energy 4. Nuclear bomb or device

 1.1 Alpha Radiation
 1.2 Beta Radiation 5.
 1.3 Gamma Radiation
Destruction of a nuclear power pl
ant

2. Non-ionizing Radiation 6.Exposure to radiation

 2.1 Neutron radiation
7.Treatment for radiation
 2.2 Electromagnetic radiation
 2.3 Light 8.Protection from radiation
 2.4 Thermal radiation
9.Acute radiation Syndrome
 2.5 Black-body radiation

3. Discovery 10.Reference
 any process in which energy emitted by one
body travels through a medium or through
space, ultimately to be absorbed by another
body.

Next
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radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an
atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an
atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized.

Sources of Radiation Exposure

Radiation is permanently present throughout the

environment, in the air, water, food, soil and in all living
organisms.

Large proportion of the average annual radiation dose received

by people results from natural environmental sources.

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 Alpha α

Charge/Nature Penetrating Power

Positively charged (2+)

Has very low penetrating
power
It is helium atom with 2 of
its electron removed
 can be stopped by
paper, metal foil, and thin
Travels in a straight line
clothing.

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 Beta β
Charge/Nature Penetrating Power

There are two  Has slight penetrating

negatively charged; power
behaves like an electron
 Can be stopped by a
The other is positively thin sheet (a few
charged and behaves centimeters) of
like proton aluminium, dense wood,
and heavy clothing

Henri Becquerel discovered beta particles late in the 19th century.

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 Gamma γ

Charge/Nature Penetrating Power

No charge High penetrating

ability
Behaves like an
X-ray but more Needs a thick sheet
energetic of lead or concrete to
stop

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oNon-ionizing radiation is described as a series of energy waves
composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields travelling at
the speed of light.

refers to any type of radiation that does not carry enough

energy per photon to ionize atoms or molecules

it refers to the lower energy forms of electromagnetic radiation

(i.e., radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared light,
and visible light).

the movement of an electron to a higher energy state.

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 Neutron Radiation

Neutrons have no electrical charge.  

They have nearly the same mass as a proton (a hydrogen atom
nucleus).  
A neutron has hundreds of times more mass than an electron,
but 1/4 the mass of an alpha particle.  
The source of neutrons is primarily nuclear reactions, such as
fission, but they  may also be produced from the decay of
radioactive nuclides.  Because of its lack of charge, the neutron is
difficult to stop and has a high penetrating power.

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 Light

Light is electromagnetic radiation, particularly radiation of a

wavelength that is visible to the human eye
the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic
radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not.

Four primary properties of light are:

oIntensity
oFrequency or wavelength
oPolarization
oPhase
Light, which exists in tiny "packets" called
photons, exhibits properties of both waves and
particles. This property is referred to as the
wave–particle duality. The study of light, known
as optics, is an important research area in
modern physics.
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 Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation is the process by which the surface of an object
radiates its thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or

electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, as is the light
emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb.

Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of

charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic
radiation.
The emitted wave frequency of the thermal radiation is a
probability distribution depending only on temperature, and for a
genuine black body is given by Planck’s law of radiation.
Wien's law gives the most likely frequency of the emitted
radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the heat intensity.

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 Black-body radiation
Black-body radiation is light in thermal equilibrium
with a black body, light radiation with a given
temperature.

Black-body radiation is a common synonym for

thermal radiation.

It is so-called because the ideal radiator of thermal

energy would also be an ideal absorber of thermal
energy: It would not reflect any light, and thus would
appear to be absolutely black.

The term "black body" was introduced by

Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860.

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Wilhelm Röntgen is credited with the discovery of X-Rays. When
experimenting with a vacuum and a Crooke's tube, he noticed a
phosphorescence on a nearby plate of coated glass. While working with
various isotopes of hydrogen, namely tritium he found a drastic change in
photonic emissions when measuring electrical charges in a vacuum.
When he took pictures of the tritium, he found that the state of one solid
piece would deteriorate quickly. In one month, he discovered the main
properties of X-rays that we understand to this day.
Henri Becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an
unexposed photographic plate, and Marie Curie discovered that only
certain elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior
radioactivity.
In December 1899, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium in
pitchblende. This new element was two million times more radioactive
than uranium, as described by Marie.

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 What is a nuclear bomb or device?

 Examples of nuclear bombs/devices are the bombs dropped on

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, at the end of World War II.
When a nuclear bomb/device explodes, a large fireball is created.
Everything inside of the fireball vaporizes, including soil and
water, and is carried upwards. This creates the mushroom cloud
that is associated with a nuclear blast. Radioactive material from
the nuclear device mixes with the vaporized material in the
mushroom cloud. As the vaporized radioactive material cools, it
forms particles, such as dust. The radioactive material then falls
back to the earth, a process known as fallout. Because fallout is in
the form of small particles, it can be carried long distances by the
wind and end up miles from the site of the explosion. Fallout is
radioactive and can cause contamination of anything on which it
lands, including food and water supplies.
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 What could the destruction of
a nuclear power plant do?
The destruction of a nuclear facility (or a meltdown) could cause
a large amount of radioactive material to be released. People at
the facility would probably be contaminated with radioactive
material and possibly could be injured if there was an explosion.
Those people exposed to a large dose of radiation might develop
acute radiation syndrome. People in the surrounding area could
also be exposed as a result of “fallout.” Because fallout is in the
form of small particles, it can be carried long distances by the
wind and end up miles from the site of the explosion. Fallout is
radioactive and can cause contamination of anything on which it
lands, including food and water supplies. An example of a
meltdown at a nuclear facility is the disaster that occurred at
Chernobyl in 1986.

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How likely is someone to die from
exposure to radiation?
The survival rate depends on the radiation dose; the higher the
dose, the more likely a person is to die. For those who do survive,
full recovery may take from a few weeks to years.

People are more likely to die from ARS when the amount of
radiation is high. Most people who do not recover from ARS will
die within several months of exposure. The cause of death in most
cases is the destruction of the person's bone marrow, which results
in infections and internal bleeding. For the survivors, the recovery
process may last from several weeks up to two years.

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 What is the treatment for radiation?
Prevention of illness after exposure: Potassium iodide (KI) is used for
individuals who are exposed to radioactive iodine (such as from fallout from
a nuclear power plant). It decreases the chance of getting thyroid cancer. The
local health department will give out potassium iodide, usually in pill form,
to be taken at home.
Treatment of illness: People who have been exposed to large amounts of
radiation because of a “dirty” bomb, nuclear bomb or a nuclear power facility
explosion may need to seek medical treatment. Health care providers will
decide what course of treatment, if any, is needed. Supportive care
(intravenous fluids, medicine to control fever and pain, and monitoring of
blood tests) also is standard treatment.

A medicine called PPTA may be given to remove radioactive materials, such

as plutonium, from the body. Another medicine, Prussian blue, may be used
to remove radioactive thallium from the body.
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 How can someone be protected from
radiation?

Some basic ways to reduce exposure to radiation include the following:

•Decrease the amount of time spent near the source of radiation

•Increase the distance from a radiation source

•Increase the shielding between you and the radiation source. Shielding is
anything that creates a barrier between people and the radiation source .
Depending on the type of radiation, the shielding can range from something as
thin as a plate of window glass or as thick as several feet of concrete.

•People who live near but not in the immediate area of a radiation event may
be asked to stay home and take shelter. This action is called “sheltering in
place.” Staying in your home may actually be safer and may protect you from
exposure to the radiation outside.
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Acute radiation syndrome (ARS): Immediate symptoms of ARS are
People exposed to radiation will get nausea, vomiting.
ARS only if— Later effects may include the following:
oThe radiation dose is high (doses
from chest X-rays are too low to loss of appetite
cause ARS; however, doses from loss of energy
radiation therapy to treat cancer may Fever
be high enough to cause some ARS nausea
symptoms); vomiting
oThe person is exposed to the seizures
radiation in a short time period, possible coma
usually within minutes; destruction of bone marrow
oThe radiation is penetrating (able to internal bleeding
reach internal organs); and
oThe person's entire body, or most of
it, received the dose.

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 REFERENCE:
http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.astrnomynotes.com/light/s3.htmo

http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/about/what_is_ir/e
n/index2.html

http://www.idph.state.il.us/Bioterrorism/factsheets/
radiation.htm

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