The Plasma Membrane -

Gateway to the Cell


 
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Photograph of a Cell
Membrane


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 Cell Membrane
The cell
membrane is
flexible and
allows a
unicellular
organism to
move


 

 omeostasis
Balanced internal condition of
cells
Also called equilibrium
Maintained by plasma membrane
controlling what enters & leaves
the cell


  ë
 ðunctions of Plasma
Membrane
Ô Protective barrier
Ô Regulate transport in & out of cell
(selectively permeable)
Ô Allow cell recognition
Ô Provide anchoring sites for filaments
of cytoskeleton


  
 ðunctions of Plasma
Membrane

Ô Provide a binding site for enzymes

Ô Interlocking surfaces bind cells
together (junctions)
ÔContains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)


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ºtructure of the Cell
Membrane


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 Membrane Components

Phospholipids Proteins
Cholesterol (peripheral and integral)


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Carbohydrates (glucose)


  
 Phospholipids
Make up the cell
membrane
Contains 2 fatty
acid chains that
are nonpolar
ead is polar &
contains a ²PO4
group &
glycerol

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 ð
ID MOºAIC MODE

ð
ID

ID-- because individual phospholipids and
proteins can move side-
side-to to- -side within the
layer, like it·s a liquid.
MOºAIC-
MOºAIC - because of the pattern produced by
the scattered protein molecules when the
membrane is viewed from

 above.
above.

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 Cell Membrane

Polar heads are hydrophilic ´water lovingµ

Nonpolar tails are hydrophobic ´water fearingµ
Makes membrane ´ºelectiveµ


  in what crossesci


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 Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is ydrophobic

made of 2 layers of
molecules pass
phospholipids called the
phospholipid
lipid bilayer
easily; hydrophilic
DO NOT


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 ºolubility
Materials that
are soluble in
lipids can pass
through the
cell membrane
easily


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ºemipermeable Membrane

ºmall molecules and larger hydrophobic

molecules move through easily.
e.g. O2, CO2, 2O


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ºemipermeable Membrane

Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than

water, and large molecules such as proteins
do not move through the membrane on their
own.

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Types of Transport
Across Cell
Membranes


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 ºimple Diffusion
Requires NO
energy
Molecules
move from
area of IG
to OW
concentration


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 DIðð
ºION
Diffusion is a
PAººIVE process
which means no
energy is used to
make the
molecules move,
they have a
natural KINETIC
ENERGY


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Diffusion of iquids


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 Diffusion through a
Membrane

Cell membrane

ºolute moves DOWN concentration gradient (IG to


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OW)
 Osmosis
Diffusion across a membrane
Diffusion of water
across a
membrane
Moves from IG
ºemipermeable
water potential membrane
(low solute) to
OW water
potential (high
solute)


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 Diffusion of 2O Across A

Membrane

igh 2O potential ow 2O potential

ow solute concentration

 igh solute concentration

  ië
 Aquaporins
Water Channels
Protein pores used during

OºMOºIº  


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 Cell in Isotonic ºolution
 NaC
ENVIRONMENT
 2O

CE
NO NET
 NaC MOVEMENT
 2O

What is the direction of water movement?



    


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Cell in ypotonic ºolution
 NaC
 2O

CE

2 NaC
 2O

What is the direction of water movement?


  i£
Cell in ypertonic ºolution
 NaC ENVIRONMENT
 2O

CE

 NaC
 2O

What is the direction of water movement?


  iÑ
Cells in ºolutions


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Cytolysis & Plasmolysis


 
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Cytolysis Plasmolysis
Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

Isotonic ypotonic  



 
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What appens to Blood Cells?


 

Ê
 Ê
  

Ê
   Ê



 
ë
Three ðorms of Transport Across the Membrane


 

 Passive Transport
ºimple Diffusion
X Doesn·t require energy
X Moves high to low
concentration
X Example: Oxygen or
water diffusing into a
cell and carbon dioxide
diffusing out


 
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 Passive Transport
ðacilitated diffusion
XDoesn·t require energy
X
ses transport
proteins to move high to
low concentration
Examples: Glucose or
amino acids moving from
blood into a cell.


 
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Proteins Are Critical to
Membrane ðunction


 
Ñ
Types of Transport Proteins
Channel proteins are embedded
in the cell membrane & have a
pore for materials to cross
Carrier proteins can change
shape to move material from
one side of the membrane to
the other


 

 ðacilitated Diffusion
Molecules will randomly move through
the pores in Channel Proteins.
Proteins.


  ë
 ðacilitated Diffusion
ºome Carrier
proteins do not
extend through
the membrane.
They bond and
drag molecules
through the lipid
bilayer and
release them on
the opposite side.


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 Carrier Proteins
Other carrier
proteins
change shape
to move
materials
across the cell
membrane


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Active Transport
XRequires energy or
ATP
XMoves materials from
OW to IG
concentration
XAGAINºT
concentration gradient


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Active transport

XExamples: Pumping
Na+ (sodium ions)
out and K+
(potassium ions) in
against strong
concentration
gradients
XCalled Na+-K+ Pump


  ëë
 ºodium-
ºodium-Potassium Pump

3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped


  ë
out; creates a membrane potential
 Moving the ´Big ºtuffµ

Exocytosis
moving
things
out.

Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse

with the plasma membrane.
This is how many hormones are secreted and how nerve


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cells communicate with one another
another
Exocytosis
Exocytic
vesicle
immediately
after fusion
with plasma
membrane.


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 Moving the ´Big ºtuffµ
arge molecules move materials into the cell by
one of three forms of endocytosis
endocytosis


  ëÑ
 Pinocytosis

Most common form of endocytosisendocytosis

Takes in dissolved molecules


  as a vesicle
ë 
 Pinocytosis
Cell forms an
invagination
Materials
dissolve in
water to be
brought into cell
Called ´Cell
Drinkingµ


  
 Example of Pinocytosis

     


 
   


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Transport across a capillary cell (blue).
Receptor-
Receptor -Mediated Endocytosis

ºome integral proteins have receptors

on their surface to recognize & take in
hormones, cholesterol,
cholesterol , etc.


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Receptor-
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis


  



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Endocytosis ² Phagocytosis

sed to engulf large particles such as

food, bacteria
bacteria,, etc. into vesicles
Called ´Cell Eatingµ


  


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Phagocytosis About to Occur


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Phagocytosis
- Capture
of a Yeast
Cell (yellow)
by
Membrane
Extensions
of an
Immune
ºystem Cell
(blue)


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 Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. arge
molecules that are manufactured in the cell are
released through the cell membrane
membrane

Inside Cell


 
Cell environment 


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