“Performance & No Harm Evaluation of the

Palm Olein as a Blending Component for

Diesel Fuel”

Briefing to OEM & OITC

16th December 2005

PETRONAS Research & Scientific Services Sdn. Bhd.

Malaysian Palm Oil Board
 Presentation Objective

1. To brief on the “Performance & No Harm Evaluation of

the Palm Olein as a Blending Component for Diesel
Fuel” project.
2. Obtain feedbacks on the program
Presentation Outline

1. Background
2. Objective of the Project
3. Program Outline
4. Schedule
5. Deliverables
6. What we need from Industry
7. Next Step
 Background…
With objective of propping up RBD palm oil prices, MPOB is
diversifying the use….

Considerations for palm oil

Food RBD Palm Oil in automotive diesel:
industry (Cooking oil grade)
•Cost/economics
•Public acceptance
•Blending
Non Food •Specifications
industry Biodiesel in Biodiesel as •Performance
industrial Transportation •OEM’s concern –
fuel fuel
durability, harm to fuel
system, maintenance
 Background…
• MPOB initial study involving buses, passenger vehicles,
power generation.
• June 05 - MPOB approached PETRONAS Research for
more comprehensive study
• 14th Sept 05 – MPOB presentation to OITC on biofuel &
results of initial study. Issues & concerns were listed
following this meeting.
• Nov 05 – PRSS proposal accepted by MPOB
 Objective of the Project..

To assess the technical viability of using palm

olein as a blending components for diesel fuel
 The Program…
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13

Deliverables:
•Impact of olein
Blending Study to diesel
specifications –
MS123, Euro2M, Submission for
Euro4M ammendments to
diesel
specifications

Deliverables:
Compatibility & Stability Study •Compatibility of
diesel –olein on
metal, additive,
lubricants.
•Stability of blends

Deliverables:
•Data on Submission for OEM
Performance & No-Harm Testing endorsement
performance of
diesel-olein blends
(injector fouling,
power, emissions)
•Demonstration of
no-harm effect of
diesel-olein blend
Important to get OEM and Oil Industry on board to address their concerns
 Blend Study And Compatibility
& Stability Study
Objective
• To develop the understanding and measure the effect of diesel-
palm olein mix for specification, compatibility and stability
properties

Brief
• Characterise the physical & chemical properties of biofuels with
variations in petroleum diesel qualities
• Compatibility with materials in fuel system (metals, rubber,
polymers)
• Compatibility with fuel additives, lubricants and within fuel
components
• Blends stability – oxidation and storage
 Blend And Compatibility/Stability
Scope
Blend Study
Characterise the physical &
chemical properties of
biofuels with variations in
petroleum diesel qualities
Stability
Oxidation Stability
Storage Stability
Impact of Storage Tank
and Fuel Line Material
Comparative Storage
Stability
Long Term Storage
Stability
Note: Petroleum diesel will be blended from components to cover the current & future local diesel qualities.
Method Sample
• Blending of diesel fuels.** B2, B5, B10, B15, B20
• Blending of diesel-olein mix.
• Lab Tests to Characterise the Physical
and Chemical Properties of the bio
blends
ASTM D2274 (modified) B0, B5, B10, B20, B100
B0, B5, B10, B20, B100
Accelerated Ageing method ASTM D4625 Material:
Steel, Cu, Al, Pb, Sn, Zn,
Composites, Elastomer,
Plastomer
- Accelerated Aging Method ASTM D4625
- Visual Observation ASTM1500 B0,B5,B10, B20, B100
- Total Acid Number ASTM D664
-48 Weeks Open Air Storage -Product top,
middle, bottom of drum sampling B0,B5, B10, B20,B100
-Lab Test for Critical Properties
 Blend And Compatibility/Stability
Scope Method Sample
Compatibility
Materials Compatibility

Steel Corrosion
Rate ASTM G 31 B0,B5,B10,B20,B100

Elastomer and ASTM D4625 B0,B5,B10,B20,B100

Plastomer -Elastomers immersed in bio blends Specimen:Rubber,
-Weight and volume measurement, plastomer
hardness and tensile test performed
Lubricant Dry Aral Test B0,B5,B10,B20,B100
Compatibility Lubricant:Mineral,
semi, fully-synthetic
Additive Compatibility Critical Tests: B0, B5, B10, B20, B100
Foaming (BnPe) Electrical Conductivity Additive: MFA package
(ASTM D 2624) Water Separation
(ASTM D1094) Rust Prevention (ASTM
D665)
Microbiological Enumeration of Bacteria : B0,B5,B10, B20,B100
Growth Weekly sampling(for12 month) (as in Long Term
Identification of Bacteria : Storage Stability test)
Monthly sampling(12 month)

Note: Petroleum diesel will be blended from components to cover the current & future local diesel qualities.
 The Program…
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13

Deliverables:
•Impact of olein
Blending Study to diesel
specifications –
MS123, Euro2M, Submission for
Euro4M ammendments to
diesel
specifications

Deliverables:
Compatibility & Stability Study •Compatibility of
diesel –olein on
metal, additive,
lubricants.
•Stability of blends

Deliverables:
•Data on Submission for OEM
Performance & No-Harm Testing endorsement
performance of
diesel-olein blends
(injector fouling,
power, emissions)
•Demonstration of
no-harm effect of
diesel-olein blend
Important to get OEM and Oil Industry on board to address their concerns
 Performance & No-Harm
Evaluation
Objective
• To compare the performance of diesel-palm olein blends against
petroleum diesel
• To determine & demonstrate the no-harm effect of palm olein in
diesel blends to the engine & fuel systems.

Brief
• Performance comparison of neat and selected blends in terms of
nozzle coking, power, fuel economy & emissions on test bed
• Field trial with 12 passenger cars and 8 heavy duty vehicles covering
different technologies and classifications – IDI, CDI, DI
technologies; SUVs to luxury cars.
• Evaluations on 50,000km field trial : performance, emissions,
lubricants interactions, fuel system cleanliness/compatibility.
Performance & No-Harm Evaluation
Scope Method Sample
Engine Performance and No Harm
Power and Full Load Power Test Unadditised : B0,B5,B10,B20
Smoke Test Free Acc Smoke Test Additised: B5

Engine:
MAN10L and PSA XUD 9A/L

Injector XUD9 Procedure (CEC-F-23-A-01) Unadditised : B0,B5,B10,B15,B20

Fouling Note: injector evaluation is based on IDI Additised with 1 treat rate: B0
system only and is measured in terms of Additised with 3 treat rate: B5,B20
flow loss. Deposit lacquer & morphology is
not included.

Vehicle ECE R15-04 +EUDC Unadditised: B0, B5,B10.B20

Emissions Additised: B5
 Performance & No-Harm Evaluation
Scope Method Sample
Engine Performance and No Harm
Vehicle Model: :
Vehicle Field Trial - Mercedes CDI(4unit), TOYOTA Hilux CDI(4unit), Mitsubishi Storm B0 ( 2+2+2 vehicle)
Light Duty IDI(4unit) B5 ( 2+2+2 vehicle)

Mileage: 50,000km- (800km daily) via controlled routes

Test Conducted at SOT, EOT :

Injector Flow?
Smoke TestPower CurveAccelerationFuel
ConsumptionEmissionsEngine Cleanliness and Wear
EvaluationFuel System (Fuel Line, Injector and Pump)
InspectionEngine Seals and Plastic Component
InspectionVehicle Fuel Sampling and Lub Oil Sampling (every
5000km)

Vehicle Model:
Vehicle Field Trial - Bus or truck fleet (8) (vehicle models depend on participating fleet) B0 ( 4vehicle)
Heavy Duty B5 ( 4 vehicle)
Mileage: 50,000km daily route commuted by fleet

Test Conducted at SOT, EOT:

Injector FlowSmoke TestFuel ConsumptionEngine
Cleanliness and Wear EvaluationFuel System (Fuel Line, Injector,
Pump) InspectionEngine Seals and Plastic Component Inspection
Vehicle Fuel Sampling and Lub Oil Sampling (every 5000km)
 Field Tests Program

Vehicle Testing
Vehicles Vehicle Testing at
50,000 km Mileage at 50,000 km Post-trial
Inspection & Zero Mileage
Accumulation Mileage Analysis
Preparation Accumulation Accumulation

 Vehicle Pre-condition Check e.g engine compression, braking

system, tires, engine cooling system, exhaust system etc.
 Fuel system flushing with TEST FUEL.
ACTIVITIES

 Engine parts dismantling.

 Engine parts cleaning e.g cylinder head, top pistons, injectors,
valves and other necessary parts.
 Photos on top pistons, cylinder head & injectors fuel spray will
be captured.
 Fuel injection pump inspection.
 Engine parts reassembling.
 Vehicle operation check.
 Field Tests Program

Vehicle Testing
Vehicle Vehicle Testing at
50,000 km Mileage at 50,000 km Post-trial
Inspection & Zero Mileage
Accumulation Mileage Analysis
Preparation Accumulation Accumulation

 Emissions & Fuel Consumption tests (ECE R15-04 + EUDC test

ACTIVITIES

cycle).
 Power output test (Wide Open Throttle Test)
 Acceleration test
 Driveability test
 Injector fouling test.
 Black smoke test.
 Field Tests Program

Vehicle Testing
Vehicle Vehicle Testing at at 50,000 km
50,000 km Mileage Post-trial
Inspection & Zero Mileage Mileage
Accumulation Analysis
Preparation Accumulation Accumulation

 Fill in the Driver’s Log Book during Pre & Post-mileage

accumulation.
 Start mileage accumulation using the identified routes.
ACTIVITIES

 800 km mileage will be accumulated daily.

 Oil filter & oil change will be done at the recommended mileage by
the vehicle manufacturer.
 Driver’s feedback on the vehicle performance during mileage
accumulation will be recorded.
 Engine oil sampling and analysis at every 5000 km.
 Black smoke test at every 5000 km.
 Any maintenance carry out will be recorded.
 Mileage will be accumulated up to 50,000 km.
 Field Tests Program

Vehicle Testing
Vehicles Vehicle Testing at
50,000 km Mileage at 50,000 km Post-trial
Inspection & Zero Mileage
Accumulation Mileage Analysis
Preparation Accumulation Accumulation

 Emissions & Fuel Consumption tests (ECE R15-04 + EUDC test

ACTIVITIES

cycle).
 Power output test (Wide Open Throttle Test)
 Acceleration test
 Driveability test
 Injector fouling test.
 Black smoke test.
 Field Tests Program

Vehicle Testing
Vehicle Vehicle Testing at
50000 km Mileage at 50000 km Post-trial
Inspection & Zero Mileage
Accumulation Mileage Analysis
Preparation Accumulation Accumulation

 Engine parts dismantling.

ACTIVITIES

 Photos on top pistons, cylinder head & injectors fuel spray will
be captured.
 Fuel injection pump inspection.
 Engine parts reassembling.
 Vehicle operation check.
The Timeline…
The Timeline…cont..
 What we need from OEM…
• Constructive feedback on the program
• Participate directly and contribute to program –
procedures, test vehicles, conduct inhouse tests etc.
• Common rail flow measurement methods
• Engine & FIE inspection procedures
• Materials for compatibility tests
 What we need from Oil
Industry...
• Constructive feedback on proposed programme
• Fuel additives for compatibility
• Blending components for petroleum diesel
• Types of material for compatibility with fuel supply
system
 Next Step

• To examine OEMs & Oil Industry

feedback and incorporate into
program (subject to approval by
MPOB).
Thank you….
Physical & Chemical Properties analysis
No Properties Test Method
1 Density at 15°C ASTM D 4052
2 Distillation ASTM D 86
3 Sulphur Content ASTM D 2622
4 Cetane Number ASTM D 6890
5 PAH Content IP 391
6 CHNSO Content Elemental Analyser
7 Viscosity at 40°C ASTM D 445
8 Flash point ASTM D 93
9 Colour/Visual Inspection ASTM D 1500
10 Cloud Point ASTM D2500
11 Pour Point ASTM D 97
12 Cold Filter Plugging Point ASTM D 6371
13 Copper Strip Corrosion ASTM D 130
14 Total Acid Number ASTM D 664
15 Water & Sediment Content ASTM D2709 / D6304 / D473
16 Phosphorus Content ASTM D 4951 / In-House (ICP)
17 Ash Content ASTM D 482
18 Micro Carbon Residue Test ASTM 4530
19 Gross Calorific Value ASTM D 240
20 Sulphated Ash ASTM D 874
21 Silver Strip Corrosion IP 227
22 Hydrocarbon Composition In-House (HPLC)
23 Lubricity ASTM D 6079
Critical tests for storage stability

Physical properties Test Method

Density ASTM D 4052
Viscosity at 40°C ASTM D 445
Water Content ASTM D6304
Sediment Content ASTM D 473
Ash Content ASTM D 482
Colour ASTM D 1500
TAN ASTM D 665