 a

By
A n i l G. P a t i l

anilgpatil2@rediffmail.com
POWER SYSTEM
OPERATION &CONTROL Maharashtra State Load Curve ( Peak Day Winter Season 2005-06)
Peak Day 15-Dec-2005 Peak 15935 MW ( LS 4311 MW)
( Instantenous Peak Demand 16049 MW)

17000 51.50
16000
15000
51.00
14000

Gen/Power purchase/Demand
13000
12000 50.50
11000
10000

Freq ( Hzs)
50.00
9000

(MW)
8000
7000 49.50
6000
5000 49.00
4000

PRESENTATION OnYASHDA TRAINEE ENGINEERS

3000
48.50
2000
1000
0 48.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Tim e in Hrs

2009-10 MSPGCL_Thm
MSPGCL_Hy
MSPGCL_Gas
TTL_LS
CS_Receipt
TECBSESD
Bilateral_PP
FREQ
TPCL Pur

1
Introduction
of
INDIAN Grid

2
 Functions of the SLDC (Section 32)

(1)a The SLDC shall be the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the power
system in a State.
(2) The SLDC shall –
•a) Bea responsible for optimum scheduling and dispatch of electricity within a
State, in accordance with the contracts entered into with the licensees or the
generating companies operating in that State;
•b) Monitor grid operations;
•c) Keep accounts of the quantity of electricity transmitted through the State grid;
•d) Exercise supervision and control over the intra-state transmission system; and
•e) Be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control and
dispatch of electricity within the State through secure and economic operation of
the State grid in accordance with the Grid Standards and the State Grid Code.
(3) The State Load Dispatch Center may levy and collect such fee and charges
from the generating companies and the State Commission may specify licensees
engaged in intra-State transmission of electricity.

3
 National Electricity Policy (NEP)
a

The National Electricity Policy aims at achieving the following objectives: (issued by
Govt. of aIndia on 12-February 2005)


cAccess to Electricity - Available for all households in next five years

AAvailability of Power - Demand to be fully met by 2012. Energy and peaking
shortages to be overcome and adequate spinning reserve to be available.
SSupply of Reliable and Quality Power of specified standards in an efficient manner and
at reasonable rates.
PPer capita availability of electricity to be increased to over 1000 units by 2012.
MMinimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a merit good by year 2012.
Financial Turnaround and Commercial Viability of Electricity Sector.
PProtection of consumers’ interests.

4
 Electricity Act 2003 : New Provisions

• De-licensing of generation. TC of CEA not required (except for reservoir based

hydro) (7, 8)
• Captive generation is freely permitted and promoted (9)
• Constitution
 A of CTU/STU and NLDC/RLDC/SLDC and shall not engage in business
of trading (26,27,31,38,39)
• Non-discriminatory open access in Trans. & Dist.(phased) (40, 42)
• Multiple players in same franchise areas for distribution (14)
• Power trading is a distinct activity (14&52)
• 100% metering (55)
• SERCs are mandatory (82)
• Rationalization of tariffs & multi year tariff (61&66)
• Establishment of Appellate tribunal (110)
• Stringent provision for theft, Revenue focus-Special courts (135-139, 153)
• Rural stand alone system permitted with decentralized management through
Panchayats, users associations, etc (4)
• Generators can take up distribution & Discoms can do generation
(42)

5
6
National Grid - Present

7
 Area : 1010,000 SQ KMS
Population : 330 Million
Peak Demand : 28 GW
:560 MU / Day
REGIONAL INSTALLED CAPACITY
GRIDS NORTHERN :- 38.0 GW
Area : 255,090 SQ KMS EASTERN :- 20.5 GW
Population : 40 Million
Peak Demand : 1.3GW SOUTHERN :- 39.6 GW
: 21 MU / Day
WESTERN :- 44.0 GW
NORTHERN
REGION NORTH-EASTERN :- 2.2 GW
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION TOTAL 144.5 GW
EASTERN
REGION
WESTERN Area : 433680 SQ KMS
REGION Population : 240 Million
Area : 951470 SQ KMS Peak Demand : 10 GW
Population : 244 Million :200 MU / Day
Peak Demand : 29 GW
:640 MU / Day

SOUTHERN
By 2027:
REGION Installed Capacity: 685 GW
Area : 636280 SQ KMS
Population : 232 Million
Peak Demand : 520 GW
Peak Demand : 25 GW Growth Rate: 8-9% per annum
:480 MU / Day

Total 3,287,263 sq. km area

More than 1 Billion people 8
Ins. Capacity As on 31st May 2008, www.cea.nic.in
 HYDRO
RESOURCES

DELHI

Source:
Powerline
KOLKATTA (Siemens Ad),
MUMBA
Oct-2006
I
COAL
BELT
BANGALOR CHENNAI
E

AREAS SHOWN ARE 9

APPROXIMATE AND INDICATIVE
 International Nepal
Interconnections
Over 16 links of 132/33/11 KV
Radial links with Nepal
Net import by Nepal

Bhutan

Tala: 1020 MW
Chukha: 336 MW
Kurichu: 60 MW
Net import by India
India- Bhutan synchronous links
400 kV Tala-Binaguri D/C
400 kV Tala-Malbase-Binaguri
220 kV Chukha-Birpara D/C
220 kV Chukha-Malbase-Birpara
Maps not to scale
132 kV Kurichu-Gelegphug-Bongaigaon 10
Installed capacity in India
Source wise
8%
12.2 GW
Total : 144.6 GW
25%
36.0 GW

3% 63%
4.1 GW 92.2 GW

Thermal Nuclear Hydro Renewables

As on 31st May 2008
11
Sector wise consumption of electricity in
India

7%
3%
Industry
20% 45% Domestic
Railways
Agriculture
Commercial
2% Others
21%

Figures for 2004-05

12
Energy Resource Map
Hydro potential in North east
and upper part of Northern
Region
Coal reserves mainly in
Eastern Region
Distribution of energy
resources and consumption
centres are extremely
unbalanced
Necessitate power transfer
over long distances

13
EHV Infrastructure
TRANSMISSION OWNERSHIP TOTAL
VOLTAGE
CENTRAL STATE
Circuit Kilometer

+ 500 kV 4,372 1,504 5,876

HVDC
765 kV 917 409 1,326
charged at 400 kV

400 kV 40,854 22,607 63,461

220 kV 9,220 98,521 107,741
132 kV* 2,152 93,126 95,278
Total 57,515 216,167 273,682

14
Maharashtra state Overview

15
Present Transmission Overview :
Transmission System Network as on 31-03-2008
MSETCL
Sr. Voltage No. of EHV Trans. EHV Lines Ckt (KM)
No. Level S/s Capacity
(KV) (MVA)
1 500 2 3582 1504
2 400 18 12350 6505
3 220 147 25561 12099
4 132 230 15055 10573
5 110 34 1888 1657
6 100 25 1955 679
7 66 42 1139 3270
Total MSETCL 498 61530 36287
TPCL
1 220 6 3530 350
2 132 17 3729 675
Total TPCL 23 7259 1025
RIL
1 220 4 1100 473
16 16
Total State 525 69889 37785
State Transmission Network (HVDC/400KV)

MSPGCL
CS Stations
MPECS
System

REL
System MSEDCL
DISCOM
TPCL
System

BEST
System

17
Installed Capacity in Maharashtra State
Maharashtra System Off-Peak Installed Derated Capacity along
with its CS Share
Particulars Hydro Thermal Gas Nuclear NCE Total
MSPGCL 2599 6800 852 0 0 10251
TPCL 444 1150 180 0 0 1774
REL 0 500 0 0 0 500
IPP 44 0 2184 0 2552 4780
CS(MS) 445 1771 404 692 0 3312
GOM 38 0 0 0 0 38
TOTAL 3570 10221 3620 692 2552 20655
Maharashtra System Peak Installed Derated Capacity along with
its CS Share
Particulars Hydro Thermal Gas Nuclear NCE Total
MSPGCL 2599 6800 852 0 0 10251
TPCL 444 1150 180 0 0 1774
REL 0 500 0 0 0 500
IPP 44 0 2184 0 2552 4780
CS(MS) 445 1662 404 692 0 3203
GOM 38 0 0 0 0 38
TOTAL 3570 10112 3620 692 2552 20546
18
1
 Institutional Framework
Central Sector
Companies
Authorities R&D Mega IPPs
• Generating Utilities,
NTPC, NHPC, CEA, REBs, CPRI, NPTI,
NEEPCO, NPCIL PSTI, Appellete
• Transmission Utility Tribunal
CTU, POWERGRID
• RLDC
Independent
Ministry of Power, CERC
• Finance, PFC
Govt of India
• Rural Electrification
REC

Independent
MOP, State Govt.
SERC
Trading Co. State Sector
• PTC India • SLDC
Pvt.
• NVVNL • Generation DISCOM
• Transmission STU State IPPs
19
• Distribution
MSEDCL Share in Central Sector Capacity
CENTRAL SECTOR CAPACITY AND MSEDCL SHARE
W.E.F. 11- JAN - 2007
SN CENTRAL SECTOR Installed MSEB SHARE
Power Station Capacity Percentage MW
MW
1 KSTPS (Korba) 2100.00 32.72% 687
2 VSTPS-I (Vindhyachal) 1260.00 36.94% 465
3 VSTPS-II(Vindhyachal) 1000.00 36.36% 364
4 VSTPS-III(Vindhyachal) 500.00 30.30% 152
5 KGPS (Kawas) 656.20 35.54% 233
6 GGPS (Gandhar) 657.39 34.91% 230
7 KAPS (Kakrapar) 440.00 39.05% 172
8 TAPS (Tarapur) 3 & 4 1080.00 40.89% 442
Total Central Sector 7693.59 35.68% 2745
9 NTPC-ER (unallocated) 134
Total WR+ER 2879
10 TAPS (Tarapur) 324.00 50.00% 162 18-22 hrs
11 SSP 1450.00 27.00% 392 PEAK HRS
Grand_Total 3432 3383
Aux.7% 240
3192
Loss 5% 160
MSEB end 3032
90% availability 2729
20
Regional Grid Management
 Grid Operation philosophy
– Decentralized Operation & Control (Loose power pool)
– State power system treated as Notional (flexible) Control Area
– Very tight control of actual interchange by utilities not mandated
– Deviations from pre-committed schedules appropriately priced
 Unity of Command
– National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)
– Regional Load Despatch (RLDC) apex body within the region
– State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) apex body within the state

21
 THE NATIONAL GRID : PHASE 1

500 MW SASARAM
500 MW VINDHYACHAL WR-NR HVDC B2B LINK
NORTHERN
WR-NR HVDC B2B LINK REGION Commissioned in June
2001
Commissioned in Nov. 1989
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

WESTERN ER BIRPARA(ER) – SALAKATI(NER)

EASTERN
REGION 220 KV AC LINK in April 87
REGION
(400 KV Malda-Boangigaon in April
2000)

500 MW GAZUWAKA
ER-SR HVDC B2B LINK
Commissioned in Sep. 1999
(2nd pole in March, 2005)
500 MW BHADRAWATI SOUTHERN
WR-SR HVDC B2B LINK REGION
Commissioned in Sept.
1997
(2nd pole in March, 1998)
NATIONAL GRID PHASE-1 COMPLETE22
23
 NR-WR-ER parallel operation :26th Aug-06

NR

Sasaram HVDC b-
Vin HVDC b-to-b
to-b (500 MW)
(500 MW)
WR 400 KV Rourkela-RaipurD/C
ER+NER
220 KV Budhpadar-Korba T/C
(1000 MW)

Bhadravati HVDC Talchar-Kolar

b-to-b (1000 MW) HVDC b-to-b
SR (1500 MW)

24
 Maharashtra StateTypical Load Curve

17000 51.50
16000
15000
51.00
14000
13000
Gen/Power purchase/Demand (MW)

12000 50.50
11000
10000 50.00

Freq ( Hzs)
9000
8000
7000 49.50
6000
5000 49.00
4000
3000
48.50
2000
1000
0 48.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Tim e in Hrs

MSPGCL_Thm MSPGCL_Gas CS_Receipt Bilateral_PP TPCL Pur

MSPGCL_Hy TTL_LS TECBSESD FREQ

25
Grid Operation by Load Dispatch Centre
National
Regional
State
Area

26
 National Hierarchical structure of Load Despatch Centres

NLDC

RLDCs NRLDC ERLDC WRLDC SRLDC NERLDC

GUJRAT MADHYA CHATTISGARH

SLDCs (Jambua)
MAHARASHTRA GOA
PRADESH (Raipur)
SLDC KALWA
(Jabalpur)

ALDC AMBAZARI ALDC TROMBAY

ALDCs ( TEC )
( VKM )

27
S T AT E T RANSIT ION OF P OWE R S YS T E M

NORMAL

E, I, Spinning Reserve, Secure intact system

ALERT EMERGENCY
E, I, Insecure E*,/ I*, Insecure

RESTORATIVE EXTREMIS
E*, I* E*, I* Critical

COLLAPSE (blackout)
E, I, Totally inactive system
State New State Resume normal

Disturbance Control Action

28
Indian Electricity Grid Code
(IEGC)
 “Describes the philosophy and the responsibilities for
planning and operation of Indian power system specified
by the Commission in accordance with sub section 1(h) of
Section 79 of the Act.”

• In force since February 2000

• Last revision in April 2006

• Contains
• Technical Rules, Guidelines & Operational Standards for
planning, development, maintenance and operation of power
system to be followed by various agencies & participants in
the system
– Role of Statutory bodies- CEA, CTU, RPC, SLDC, RLDC 29
Jurisdiction of Load Despatch
Centers NLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated operation
of National Power System

RLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated operation
of power system in the concerned region

SLDC:
Apex body to ensure integrated operation
of power system in a state

30
 Task of
Grid Operation at the State Level

Grid Operation – dimensions

 Security – top most priority
 Economy
 Commercial
 Regulatory

Generation + Purchase + Load Shedding = Demand

CS Stations Planned
MSEB own Bilateral Urban
stations TPCL Rural
Other(IPP) EHV
There is commercial value associated with real-time operations of grid31
 Functions of Load Dispatch…..
Objective- ECONOMY, COMMERCE, SECURITY
ON-Line Functions
Pre-despatch Functions Post-Despatch Functions
Load-Generation Balance
Energy Accounting Background
& UI Functions
Parameter monitoring
Data Updation
Demand Estimation V, f, P, Q Reports compliationSCADA and EMS maintenance
System Security &System
Integration
performance Report
Generation Scheduling
Regulation of Exchange Disturbance Analysis
Freq / Voltage analysis
Merit Order Despatch Plan System
Frequency/Voltage ControlStudies Security enhancement
Communication / Despatch
ContingencyInstruction
plan Protection Review
Load Control Plan
Restoration Commercial Evaluation Communication infrastructure
Outage managementFailure analysis Reporting
Reporting
Energy ManagementDatabase
Studiesmaintenance
Load Control/ Implementation
Post Mortem Reports
Optimum Hydro Utilization 32
 Responsibility of State Load Dispatch Centre
(as envisaged under IEGC)
 Demand estimation for operational purpose
 Scheduling for merit order dispatch
 Regulating Generation – Load balance
 Schedule for Central Sector drawl and regulate it
 Monitoring & implementation of bilateral purchases of power
 Maintain system frequency in 49.2 to 50.3 Hz range
 Outage planning and monitoring
 Restoration procedure planning & implementation
 Reactive power management and voltage control
 Load Shedding implementation
 Coordination with RLDC and other constituents
 Facilitate Short-Term Open Access
 Energy Accounting, loss determination & UI billing
33
Monitoring and Control of Maharashtra Grid

SLDC in real time monitor….

Generation of State power stations

 Power from CS stations( Share and Drawl)

-(Korba, Vindhyachal, Kawas, Gandhar, Kakrapar, Tarapur)
-IPP Generation scheduling and monitoring

 Bilateral Power Purchase

 Exchanges with TPCL

 MSEDCL and State Load Demand Catered

 Line and sub station ICT loading

 Voltage at important nodes of grid

 Implementation of Load Control
 Generation and Load Balance
 Outage and congestion management 34
 System Frequency &
Voltage Limits as per CERC
regulation 2009
For Grid Security

35
Quality of Power…

 Frequency- “Pulse of Power system”

 50 Hz ---Ideal Freq in Indian power system
 Permissible 49.20 to 50.30 as per CERC
regulation 2009

 Gen Protection LF setting 47.5 Hz

 HF setting 52.0 Hz

 System Islanding MSEB-TEC at 47.7 Hz RPUF

 47.7 Hz UFR

36
 ISLANDING SCHEME FOR TEC-SYSTEM

T EC SYST EM 47.7 Hz/0.2 Sec MSEB SYST EM

UF
Trombay Tie 220 KV 220 KV Tie-1 220 KV
UF 220 KV Tie-2 Trombay
3 x 125 MVA
Trombay - 110 KV RPUF
Tr 110 KV Group 1& 2
RPUF
Salsette - 220 KV 220 KV Kalwa-Sal-3
RPUF 220 KV Kalwa-Sal-4 220 KV
Kalwa
Salsette - 110 KV RPUF
110 KV Kalwa-Sal-1 4x 125 MVA

Kalyan 110 KV UF
110 KV Kalwa-Kalyan
UF
Borivali 110 KV 110 KV Bor-Bor-1
110 KV Bor-Bor-2 220 KV
UF 110 KV Bor-Bor-3 3x 125 MVA Borivali
Kolshet 110 KV
UF 110 KV Bor-Kolshet

UF - 47.70 Hz, 0.2 Sec for Trombay 220 KV Tie-1&2

UF - 47.70 Hz, 0.3 Sec for remaining Tie points
RPUF - 47.70 Hz, 0.2 Sec
Breaker Trip by UF / RPUF
37
 System Voltage Limits
Voltage
Rated 765 Kv Max-800 Kv Min 700 Kv
Rated 400 KV Max-420 KV Min 360 KV
Rated 220 KV Max-245 KV Min 200 KV
Rated 132 KV Max-145 KV Min 120 KV

38
Reactive Power Management

39
LETS BEGIN WITH AN ANALOGY

40
SOURCES OF REACTIVE POWER

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSORS
 SHUNT CAPACITORS
 STATIC THYRISTOR BASED DEVICES
 TRANSMISSION LINES

41
REACTIVE POWER SINKS
 LOADS
– INDUCTION MOTORS(PUMPS,FANS ETC)
– INDUCTIVE LOADS (CHOKES ETC)
 TRANSFORMERS
 TRANSMISSION LINES
 REACTORS
 STATIC THYRISTOR BASED DEVICES
 SHYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

42
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
MODES OF OPERATION
 UNDER-EXCITED OR LEADING PF
– CONSUMES REACTIVE POWER
 OVER-EXCITED OR LAGGING PF
– PRODUCES REACTIVE POWER

43
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
VECTOR DIAGRAM
E

OVER-EXCITED jIXd
δ
V
θ

I
jIXd
UNDER-EXCITED δ θ
V

44
CAPABILITY CURVE
Q=MVAR, REACTIVE POWER

U2=P2+Q2

LEAD

MOTORING GENERATING

P=MW, ACTIVE POWER

LAG

45
CAPABILITY CURVE:LIMITS

46
 TRANSMISSION LINES
SIL
 SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING:-The SIL is the
loading level where the reactive VARs generated
by the line capacitance equal the VARs required
by the line inductance.
 QUICK FACT:
– 100 KM OF 400 KV LINE(TWIN MOOSE) CAUSES
55 MVAR OF CHARGING CURRENT

47
OVERVOLTAGE PROBLEMS

 Generator self-excitation
 Insulation breakdown
 Flashover
 Customer equipment damage
 Excessive heating of overexcited transformers

48
UNDERVOLTAGE CAUSES

 Heavy line loading

 Disturbances
 High customer demand
 Induction motor heating
 Dim lights - more lights
 Less heat - more heaters
 Voltage collapse

49
TO CORRECT LOW VOLTAGE
 Remove shunt Reactors
 Insert shunt capacitors
 Energize open lines
 Raise LTC set points
 Raise voltage regulator set points
 Use generator reactive overload capability
 Curtail interruptible loads
 Shed firm load

50
TO CORRECT HIGH VOLTAGE

 Remove shunt capacitors

 Insert shunt reactors
 Lower voltage set points
 Close open-ended lines or remove from service
altogether
 Buck with generators
 Remove transmission lines from service

51
POINTS TO REMEMBER
 VAR control is the key to voltage control
 Use voltage control equipment early
 Avoid voltage collapse/High Voltage by smart
operating

52
LOAD ANGLE

 ITS IMPLICATION IN POWER

SYSTEM OPERATION

53
LOAD ANGLE

54
 400 KV NETWORK OVERVIEW

400 KV
NE

55
TAP CHANGING
 REARRANGES MVAR FLOW
 TO BE DONE CONSIDERING VOLTAGES ON
BOTH SIDES
 CO-ORDINATED ACROSS THE SYSTEM
 TAP CHANGING SCHEDULES

56
Generation
Scheduling/rescheduling

57
GENERATION
SCHEDULING

Day Ahead Scheduling

Generator (ISGS)

Ex-bus MW, Generation Revision Schedule

MWh schedule frozen

10 11 12 3 5 10 11
RLDC
AM AM Noon PM PM PM PM

MW, MWh time-wise Drawal Revision Schedule

share MW request schedule frozen

Beneficiary (SEB)

30

58
Commercial activities

59
Inter-State Availability Based Tariff…..?

 It is an effective commercial mechanism

envisaged to enforce Grid Discipline
under the basic framework of Indian
Electricity Grid Code (IEGC)

60
 PRE-ABT problems in Grid operation
Peak
Freq.
(Hz)

Load Off-Peak
(MW)
Time (hours)
1 Low frequency: 2 High frequency: 3 Rapid change:
48 – 48.5 Hz 50.5 – 51 Hz 1 Hz in 5 – 10
minutes;
4 Frequent grid disturbances: many hours everyday
Generator trippings,
supply interruptions,
grid disintegration
5

61
 Central Transmission Utility (CTU)'s
resolution

Maximisation of generation

Load curtailment equal to the deficit in generation.

Peak

Off-Peak
Load
(MW)

Backing down of generation to match the system load

reduction keeping the merit order of generation in view

62
CERC Regulation 2009
 Objective
 The objective of these regulations is to
maintain grid discipline as envisaged under
the
 Grid Code through the commercial
mechanism of Unscheduled Interchange
Charges by
 controlling the users of the grid in
scheduling, dispatch and drawl of
electricity.

63
 SCOPE

 These regulations shall be applicable to –

 (i) the generating stations and the beneficiaries,
and
 (ii) sellers and buyers involved in the
transaction facilitated through open access or
 medium term access or long-term access in
inter-State transmission of electricity.

64
Unscheduled Interchange (UI) Charges:
 The charges for Unscheduled Interchange for all the
time-blocks when Grid frequency is between 50.3
Hz and 49.2 Hz shall be payable for over-drawal by
the
 buyer or the beneficiary and under-injection by the
generating station or the seller
 and receivable for under-drawal by the buyer or the
beneficiary and over-injection by the generating
station or the seller

65
UI Rate
 Each 0.02 Hz step is equivalent to 12.0
paise/kWh in the 50.3-49.5 Hz frequency
range and
 to 17.0 paise/kWh in the 49.5-49.2 Hz
frequency range)
 When grid frequency is below 49.2 Hz for
the generating stations using coal or lignite
or gas supplied under Administered Price
Mechanism (APM) as the fuel,
Additional Unscheduled Interchange Charge
shall be equivalent to 40% of the UI Rate

66
 Present UI Tariff –from 1 April 2009
 a

 a

67
Experience with Unscheduled Interchanges

Case-I LOW FREQUENCY OVER DRAWL

T This is serious situation as U.I. Rates are very high, and
W constituent is at default.
O Action required.
• Increase own generation to max. possible extent
U • Carry out Load Shedding
I • Increase CS schedule to full entitlement
S • Try support from another system (purchase)
C
Case-II HIGH FREQUENCY UNDER DRAWL
E
U.I. Rates are low and constituent is loosing
N
Action required.
A
• Withdraw Load Shedding if any
R • Reduce own generation to possible extent
I • Try for bilateral sale of power
O • Reduce CS schedule to keep UI minimum 68
Frame work for revision provided in ABT order….

 Advance declaration of capacity by generating station Ex-

bus
 DC during peak should not be less than during other hours
without valid reason.
 In case of forced outage, revision in DC will be effective
from 4th time block.
 In case of transmission constraint, RLDC will revise the
schedule and will be effective from 4th time block.
 In case of grid disturbance UI mechanism suspended for
time blocks affected by grid disturbance
 Revision in normal period shall be effective from 6th time
block irrespective of communication success.

69
Where do SEMs come into
picture?
 Only measuring Deviations from Schedule
i.e. UI
 To measure 15 min block-wise Energy and
Frequency
Issues concerned :
-Specifications
-Location criterion
-Main/Check/Standby philosophy

70
 What we achieved through ABT
RESULTS IN WESTERN REGION
 Operational Discipline a

Year %age time for FVI 100% 14

frequency in 90% 11.91 11.93

12
49-50.5Hz 80%

band 70% FVI

10

60%
8

%age Time
50% 98.00%

FVI
94.90%
2001-02 61% 11.91 6
a 40%

61% 64.60%
30%
2002-03 64.6% 11.93 4
20% 1.86
1.38 2
2003-04 94.9% 1.86 10% %age Time Normal
Freq.
0% 0
2004-05 98.0% 1.38 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Year

71
Intra-State ABT --Objectives, Principles

 Objectives
 Effective Utilization of State Resources
 Improvement in Grid Discipline
 Enhancement of metering and data collection
 Trading of Electricity within State
 Secure, reliable & quality electricity supply at lowest
possible price to the consumer.
 Principles of Commercial Mechanism
 Merit Order Operation
 Efficient Balancing mechanism
 Hybrid approach

72
 Intra-State Transmission System & Users –
schematic representation

ER-NER-NR System

Central Sector Generation (NTPC+NPC) UI and Open Access

bilateral
CTU (PGCIL) Transmission System EHV Customers
MSPGCL MSEDCL
State
Generation
LV Customers

TPCL-Distribution

TPCL
Intra-State Transmission System
Generation MSETCL + TPCL Tr + REL TR

Loss= sum(Input)-sum(output) REL-Distribution

REL
Generation

IPP NCE Open Access BEST-Distribution

Generation CPP OA
Generation

73
Figure - Intra-State Transmission and Transmission System Users for ABT (balancing market) for intra-state energy transactions
Open Access
Enabling of non-discriminatory sale/ purchase of electric
power/energy between two parties utilizing the system of an
in- between (third party), and not blocking it on
unreasonable grounds”
 Developed in consultation with all stakeholders
 Near Dispute free implementation
 Logistics/infrastructure -In-house
 Information Sharing through the Internet
 Robust Financial Settlement System

 Enthusiastic participation by market players

 Transactions from few MW to hundreds of MW
 Surplus during Weekend/Holidays utilized
 Improved performance of Generating Plants
 Diversity being gainfully utilized 74
INDIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET
ENABLERS
Legislation
Indian Electricity Act 2003
National Electricity Policy
12-Feb-2005, Para 5.7.1(d)
Regulation
IEGC-Feb 2000
ABT Order-Jan2000
Open Access-May-2004
Power Exchange-June-2008
Execution
CTU/STU, RLDC/SLDC
Grid & Market Operation
Control Centres & SEMs
ABT settlement: in stages 2002-
STRUCTURE
Balancing Mechanism
Frequency linked
Unscheduled Interchange
Intra-day short term bilateral
Day-ahead PX
Short-term Bilateral
Day-ahead
First-come-first served
Three-month ahead
Long-term Bilateral
Shared resources (ISGS)
Own resources
75
 DECENTRALIZED SCHEDULING

Time

09:00
Availability
Declaration
10:00 Entitlements
13:00 PX Requisition &
15:00 Interaction Bilateral Agreements
S
I Injection Schedule R Drawal Schedule
18:00
Including PX L
S L Including PX
D
G D
22:00 Revision in DC Revision in Requisition
C
S C

23:00 Final Final

Injection Schedule Drawal Schedule

0 to 24 Revisions during Revisions during

hours Current day Current day 76
Constitution of
Maharashtra State Power Committee(MSPC)

Institutional mechanism for Govergnance of State Level ABT

Framework
• Develop & provide a platform for better mechanism
• Provide framework for efficient reconciliation and settlement
• Recording of commercial arrangement and energy exchange
amongst parties
• Bring transparency in operation and improve system &
procedures of market operation

MSPC Members
 Chief Executive of MSEDCL
 Chief Executive of TPC-D
 Chief Executive of REL-D
 Chief Executive of BEST-D
 Head Executive of MSLDC

77
Operational Framework for
SLDC

78
State Grid Code - Parts
MERC State Grid Code Regulation, 2006 (effective from 1st April 2006)
A General Grid Coordination Committee

B Planning Code Transmission System Planning data and procedures

C Connection Conditions Requirement and procedures for connection with grid

D Operating Code Grid operation, coordination, control and reporting

E Scheduling & Dispatch Modality of daily scheduling for dispatch and flow of
information
Code
F Metering Code Specification, standards, procedures for metering

G Miscellaneous Compliance, amendment, dispute, difficulties etc

79
 Load Control Measures –Load Shedding
L
O  Planned Load Shedding in a Rotational Manner
A  To meet estimated constant shortfall in Demand and Supply
D  Rural Area
 Urban Area (Cities)
 Other Urban
S  In predefined time blocks in a rotational manner as per principles laid
H down by MERC Group A(loss 0-18%) to F (Loss more than 50%)
E  Emergency Load Shedding 400/800 MW
D  To arrest fall in frequency below 49.20 Hz
I
N  Automatic Under Frequency Load Relief- (WREB plan)
G  To control abrupt fall in frequency automatically for system security
IN  Freq. 48.8 Hz (inst) 550 MW,
Freq. 48.6 Hz (inst) 550 MW,
M

 Freq. 48.2 Hz (inst) 730 MW Total 1830 MW
S
E  FTR 49.2 (0.2 Hz/Sec) – 600 MW
D
C
80
L
 Data Acquisition &
Communication System
 Dedicated
 communication system National Level
NLDC
 For data and speech

5 Nos. Region RLDC

Level

State HQ Level
23 Nos.
SLDC
Group of District
Level
51 Nos.
SUB LDC
Plant/Sub Station
1160 Nos. Level RTU

81
 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
Overview of SCADA System GPS
GPS
Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Kalwa Sinaut Spectrum SCADA, Ambazari

Ethernet Hub / Switch Data Links ICCP1

ICCP1 Ethernet Hub / Switch
......... 2 X 64 Kbps .........
ICCP2 ICCP2

TCI1 TCI2 .. ADM COM MMI

ADM COM MMI .. TCI1 TCI2

DC 6 x 64 Kbps
4 Nos.
OPF Link DC
GEB
1 IEC
26 RTUs 10 RTUs 9 IEC RTU
RTUs MPEB
CSEB 13 RTU’s 7 RTU’s
GOA

MMI GCS .. NA
MMI
ICCP
..
Sinaut Spectrum EMS
Chandrapur – Padge .........
HVDC SCADA
ULDC SCADA at WRLDC
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
 Highlights of SCADA system
➲ Sinaut Spectrum SCADA functions are distributed among 64 Bit,
RISC, SUN Ultra 10 Servers on LAN.
➲ Huge memory capacity, faster speed and response.

➲ System supports Sinaut 8FW RTU protocol as well as

internationally accepted IEC -870 - 5 -101 protocol.
➲ 10 Nos. of IEC RTU are integrated in the system
The Front End processor is capable of acquiring data from
35 Direct RTUs, However, with the usages of Data Concentrator
560 RTUs can be connected to each system.
➲ ICCP protocol based on international standards for data exchange
between SLDC, Kalwa and ALDC, Ambazari as well as RLDC, Marol
➲ 200 % additional capacity for future expansion
 RTU
FWP VFT
0 to 250 2.4 – 4 KHz
MW PLCC
O/P +/- 10 mA Binary value 50 – 500 KHZ
TRANSDUCER A.E.
800-0-800

D.E.

Tele PLCC
Control 50 – 500 KHZ
Interface
VFT
2.4 – 4 KHz
MMI
220
L.D. Ambazari 84
GENERATION & EXCHANGE OVERVIEW

85
 400 KV NETWORK OVERVIEW

400 KV
NE

86
OVERVIEW OF ON LINE CAPACITY &ACTUAL GEN

87
88
89
Thank You… 90