AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

PRINKESH BARODIYA
 Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by
ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the
ground and in the air.

 The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is -

o separate aircraft to prevent collisions by use of lateral,
vertical and longitudinal separation minima.
o to organize and expedite the flow of traffic.
o to provide information and other support for pilots
when able.
• Pursuant to requirements of the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), ATC operations are
conducted either in the English language or the
language used by the station on the ground.
 Airport Traffic Control Tower
• The primary method of controlling
the immediate airport
environment is visual observation
from the airport traffic control
tower (ATCT).

• The ATCT is a tall, windowed

structure located on the airport
grounds.
• Aerodrome or Tower controllers are responsible for
the separation and efficient movement of aircraft and
vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of
the airport itself, and when the aircraft in the air is
near the airport .
• Radar displays are also available to controllers at some
airports. These displays include a map of the area, the
position of various aircraft, and data tags that include
aircraft identification, speed, heading, and other
information described in local procedures.

• The areas of responsibility for ATCT controllers fall into

three general operational disciplines; Local Control or Air
Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance
Delivery.
 Ground Control
• Ground Control is responsible for the airport movement
areas, as well as areas not released to the airlines or other
users.Any aircraft, vehicle, or person walking or working in
these areas is required to have clearance from Ground
Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio.

 Local control or air control

• Local Control is responsible for the active runway
surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or
landing. Within the ATCT, a highly disciplined
communications is managed between Local Control
and Ground Control.
  Flight data / clearance delivery
• Clearance Delivery is the position that issues route
clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence
taxing. These contain details of the route that the aircraft
is expected to fly after departure. The primary
responsibility of Clearance Delivery is to ensure that the
aircraft have the proper route and slot time.
 PROBLEMS
• Air traffic flow management

The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily
related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system . Several
factors dictate the amount of traffic that can land at an airport in a given
amount of time. Each landing aircraft must touch down, slow, and exit the
runway before the next crosses the beginning of the runway. Allowing for
departures between arrivals, each runway can thus handle about 30 arrivals
per hour.

• Weather
Rain, ice or snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and
exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between
landing aircraft. Fog also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn,
increase airborne delay for holding aircraft. In Area Control Centers, a major
weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to aircraft
Air Navigation Service Provider — The air navigation service
provider is the authority directly responsible for providing
both visual and non-visual aids to navigation within a specific
airspace in compliance with, but not limited to, International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) .

Air Traffic Service Provider -is the relevant authority

designated by the State responsible for providing air traffic
services in the airspace concerned. Air traffic services is
generic and can mean: flight information service, alerting
service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service
(area control service, approach control service or aerodrome
control service), etc.
Both ANSPs and ATSPs can be public, private or corporatized
organisations and examples of the different legal models
exist throughout the world today. The world's ANSPs are
united in and represented by the Civil Air Navigation
Services Organisation (CANSO) based at Amsterdam Airport
Schiphol in the Netherlands