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 WHY REGULATION OF GENE
EXPRESSION???
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STRUCTURE
] STRUCTURAL GENE
] CONTROL REGION
] REGULATOR
STRUCTURAL GENE
] V
E+V
D: Anthranilate synthetase
] V
i: Indole glycerolphosphate synthetase
] V
@+V
A: Tryptophan synthetase

the end product of these structural gene

produced a nonproteinaceous component of
repressor called corepressor. In trp operon
tryptophan serves as corepressor
iontrol region..

ionsist of..
] Promoter - RNA polymerase binds here
] Operator - regulatory protein binds here
] Leader segment - leader and attenuator
& lies
between operator and structural gene an
alternate mode of regulation of gene
expression known as ›
› 
Regulator
] Located upstream of control region , not
contiguous with the operon & synthesize
aporepressor which is a proteinaceous
substance. It forms a constituent of
repressor for corepressor. When the latter
is not available then in proper strength the
operator is kept switched on by itself
because aporepressor is unable to block
the working of operator.
=
 
  
] It is regulated by 

› :

1. Feed @ack repression or Repression

controls the initiation of transcription

2. Attenuation governs the frequency

of early transcript termination.
Feed @ack repression
] Whenever corepressor accumulates or
become available from outside source it
combines with aporepressor forms
repressor and blocks the operator then
structural gene will stop transcription.
Attenuation
] Is a second mechanism of negative
feedback in trp operon and fine tuned it by
700 folds & first observed by i ARLES
YANOFSKY .
] It is performed by a attenuator which is
specific regulatory sequence that when
transcribed in RNA forms a hairpin structure to
stop transcription when certain condition are
not met e.g. when there is high level of trp. in
env. &   



 

› ›
 
› 

.
 `
› 

] RNA from the attenuator region is called the
leader transcript.
] iontains 4 regions than may form stem-loop
structures, with three possible pairings: 1-2,
3-4, and 2-3. Attenuator is made made-up of
Stem-loop 3-4 followed by 8 U·s: this is a typical ǒ-
independent transcription termination signal i.e
mRNA can base pair with itself to form hair loop
structure.
] Encodes a leader peptide ² 14 aa·s, with two
adjacent trp residues.
]Ifsequence 2 & 3
base pair the
attenuator structure
cannot form and
transcription continue.
Attenuating transcription or
not???
] Regulatory sequence 1 is crucial for
tryptophan-sensitivity mechanism that
determines wether sequence 3 pairs with
sequence 2 or with sequence
4(transcription stop) & formation of
attenuator structure depend on events
that occur during translation of regulatory
sequence 1, which encode a leader
sequence of 14 a.a two of which are trp.
When trp. ioncentration are
high«then????
] trp tRNA will also be high which allows
translation to proceed rapidly past the two
trp. iodons of sequence of sequence 1 and
into 2 before 3 is synthesized by RNA pol.
] Due to this Sequence 2 is covered by
ribosome and unavailable for pairing to
sequence 3, when sequence 3 is synthesized
then finally sequence 3 and 4 forms which
halts the transcription or Structural genes not
transcribed due to early termination
(attenuation).
When trp. ioncentration are
low«then?????
] Then ribosome stalls at the two trp. iodon
in sequence 1 because charged trp. tRNA
is less available so sequence 2 remains
free while 3 is synthesized allowing these
two sequence to base pair and
permitting transcription to proceed.
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