 What characterizes a molecule as an acid?

 What do all acids have in common?

Compound Formula Found in Electrical Taste
conductivity
Citric acid HC6H7O7 Lemon juice Fair Sour
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Gatorade Fair Sour
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Vinegar Fair Sour
Boric acid H3BO3 Eyewash Fair Sour
Oxalic acid H2C2O2 Rhubarb Fair Sour
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Soda pop Fair Sour
Hydrochloric acid HCl Stomach acid Good Sour in
dilute
 All carry the name acid
 All conduct electricity to some degree
 All have sour taste
 The element common to all members of the
group is hydrogen
a. Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water (the hydronium
ion is a hydrogen ion attached to a water molecule)
b. Taste sour
c. Corrode metals
d. Electrolytes
e. React with bases to form a salt and water
f. pH is less than 7
 What characterizes a molecule as a base?
 What do all bases have in common?

NaOH Sodium hydroxide Iye

KOH Potassium hydroxide Liquid soap
Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Stabilizer for
plastics
Mg(OH)2 Magnesium hydroxide Milk of
magnesia
Al(OH)3 Aluminium hydroxide Antacid
a. Produce OH- ions in water
b. Taste bitter, chalky
c. Are electrolytes
d. Feel soapy, slippery
e. React with acids to form
salts and water
f. pH greater than 7
 Electrical conductivity:
 Molecules came apart into ions

 Acids:
 Molecule that ionized to give up hydrogen ions

H A H+ A-
Acids
produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions H3O+)

Bases
produce OH- ions

(problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions)

Acids – proton donor

Bases – proton acceptor

A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s

electron!
 Acid is a proton donor
 Base is a proton acceptor

Base Acid
 Which of the following compounds could not
possibly an acid?
H2O CuSO4 NaHCO3 CH3COOH

 Why is your selection in question 1 correct?

 In the following reactions, which compound is

the acid?
HNO3 + NH4OH  NH4NO3 + H2O
HNO3 + H2O  H3O+ + NO3-
Acid Base hydronium nitrate
ion ion

HNO3 + H2O  H3O+ + NO3-

Acid Base

HNO3 + H2O  H3O+ + NO3-

Acid Base conj. Acid conj. Base

 A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor
A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor

conjugate conjugate
base acid
acid base
 Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and
conjugate base in each reaction:

HCl + OH--    Cl-- + H33O ++

H22O + HC2H3O2   C2H3O2-- + H33O++

 Molecule or Ion Molecule or Increasing
Ion tendency to
Hydrobonate OH- + H+  H2O Water give up
ionxide ion Hydrogen ion
Carbonate ion CO32- + H+  HCO3- Bicarbonate
ion
Ammonia NH3 + H +  NH4+ Ammonium
ion
Bicarbonate ion HCO3- + H+  H2CO3 Carbonic
acid
Acetate ion C2H3O2- + H+  Acetic acid
Increasing HC2O3O2
tendency to
Hydrogen H2PO4 + H+  H3PO4 Phosphoric
capture Hydrogen
phosphate ion aicd
ion
Sulfate ion SO4 2- + H+  HSO4- Bisulfate ion
Water H2O+ + H+  H3O+ Hydronium
ion
Nitrate ion NO3- + H+  HNO3 Nitric acid
Chloride ion Cl- + H +  HCl Hydrochloric
acid
Bisulfate ion HSO4- + H+  H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
Perchlorate ion ClO4- + H +  HClO4 Perchloric
 Suppose that HCl is placed in water. Will HCl
give up a hydrogen ion to water, forming
hydronium ion and chloride ion?

 If acetic acid is placed in water, will the acetic

acid molecule donate a hydrogen ion to
water to make the hydronium ion?
 Strong acid:
 Transfer all proton to water,
 Strong electrolyte
Weak acids:
Hydronium ion is found in a wide range of
concentrations in water solutions.

Its concentrations ranges from 10-1 mol /L (0.1 M)

in strongly acidic solutions to 10-14
(o.00000000000001 M) in strongly basic solutions

The term pH was developed to make it easier to

write about hydronium ion concentration

pH = - log [ H3O+]
 pH = - log [H+]
 Remember the concentration [] means Molarity

Example: the concentration of hydronium ions in

water is :
[H3O+] = 0.0000001 mol/L
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-7 M
And if pH =- log [H3O+]
pH = - log [1o-7]
pH = 7
Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10
pH = - log 1 X 10-10
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10

Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5

pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
Find the pH of these:

1) A 0.15 M solution of Hydrochloric acid

1) A 3.00 X 10-7 M solution of Nitric acid

If the pH of Coke is 3.12, [H+] = ???
Because pH = - log [H+] then
- pH = log [H+]

Take antilog (10x) of both

sides and get
10-pH = [H+]
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
 A solution has a pH of 8.5.
What is the
Molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution?
H2O can function as both an ACID and a
BASE.
In pure water there can be
AUTOIONIZATION

Equilibrium constant for water = Kw

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oCc
Autoionization OH
OH
--

++
H O
H33O

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 at 25 oC

In a neutral solution [H3O+] = [OH-]
so Kw = [H3O+]2 = [OH-]2
and so [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7 M
 Since acids and bases are opposites, pH and
pOH are opposites!
 pOH does not really exist, but it is useful for
changing bases to pH.
 pOH looks at the perspective of a base
pOH = - log [OH-]
Since pH and pOH are on opposite ends,
pH + pOH = 14
What is the pH of the
0.0010 M NaOH solution?

The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is

2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the blood?