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Presented By:-

Arpit Sharma
(07EAYCS005)
 CÚ
E
S

 Conception
 Introduction to D A

 Structure of D A

 D A Computers

 Computation Algorithm

 Advantages & Disadvantages

 Develoments in D A Computing

 Application of D A computers

 Conclusion
 CÚ CEP
IÚ

 Silicon is the life for today's computers.

 Moore·s Law states that silicon microprocessors

double in complexity roughly every two years.

 Úne day this will no longer hold true when

miniaturisation limits are reached. Intel
scientists say it will happen in about the year
2018.

 Require a successor to silicon.

 £ A
IS D A?

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 S
RUC
URE Ú D A


he D A is a double stranded molecule.


hese two strands run in opposite directions to
each other and are therefore anti-parallel.

 Each strand is a series of

4 different nucleotides
à Adenine (A)
à Guanine (G)
Ã
hymine (
)
à Cytosine (C)
 S
RUC
URE Ú D A
(CÚ
I UED)
 §

   

 
 
 
  

 




   §

  

(A)DD (
)
(C)DD(G)

 Ú
 
  

 



 

 
 


  

 § §

 D A CÚMPU
I G

 D A computing is a form of computing which

uses D A, biochemistry and molecular biology,
instead of the traditional silicon-based computer
technologies.


his field was initially developed by Leonard

Adleman of the University of Southern
California, in 1994.
 D A computing is utilizing the property of D A for
massively parallel computation.

 £ith an appropriate setup and enough D A, one

can potentially solve huge problems by parallel
search.

 Leonard Adleman proposed that the makeup of D A

and its multitude of possible combining nucleotides
could have application in computational research
techniques.

 Adleman demonstrated a proof-of-concept use of

D A as a form of computation which solved the
seven-point amiltonian path problem.
 CÚMPU
A
IÚ ALGÚRI
M
  :Encode the city names in short D A
sequences . Encode the Itineraries by connecting
the city sequences for which the routes exist .
Æ m Æ
MUMBAI GC
ACG
DEL I C
AG
A
BA GALÚRE
CG
AC
C E AI C
ACGG
KÚLKA
A A
GCCG


he D A molecules are generated by a machine

called D A synthesizer
[ Polymerase chain reaction is used to produce
many copies of the D A
[ PCR is iterative and uses an enzyme called
polymerase
[ Polymerase copies a section of single stranded
D A starting at the position of the primer, which
is D A complimentary to one end of the
Interested section.
 Sort the D A by length and select
the D A whose length Corresponds to 5 cities.

   Successively filter the D A molecules

by city, one city at a
ime.

  !If any D A is left in the tube, it is the

amiltonian Path.
 U IQUE ESS Ú D A

£hy is D A a Unique Computational Element???

 Extremely dense information storage.

 Enormous parallelism.

 Extraordinary energy efficiency.

 DE SE I ÚRMA
IÚ S
ÚRAGE
r
his image shows 1 gram of
D A on a CD.
he CD can hold
800 MB of data.

r
he 1 gram of D A can hold

about 1x1014 MB of data.

r
he number of CDs required to

hold this amount of
information, lined up edge to
edge, would circle the Earth
375 times, and would take
163,000 centuries to listen to.
 Ú£ DE SE IS
E I ÚRMA
IÚ S
ÚRAGE?

 with bases spaced at 0.35 nm along D A, data

density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7
Gbits/inch in typical high performance DD.
 Check this out«««..
 Ú£ E ÚRMÚUS IS
E PARALLELISM?

 A test tube of D A can contain trillions of strands. Each

operation on a test tube of D A is carried out on all
strands in the tube in parallel !

 Check this out««. £e
ypically use

Ý





 
 



 
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#
 D A Computers v/s Conventional
Computers:

m"mÆ# $ %Æ"mÆ# $

 & at individual operations '

 at individual operations

Can do (  

  Can do & 
 
simultaneously simultaneously

Can provide ) **  in *

** 
small space

Setting up a problem may involve Setting up of a requires + & , input

considerable 

 

D A is - to chemical Electronic data are -)

( but can
deterioration be backed up easily
 MAYA-II (IRS
D A
CÚMPU
ER) :-
 Stand for (Molecular Array of YES and A D logic
gate )
 Replacing the normally silicon-based circuits,
this chip has D A strands to form the circuit
 MAYA-II has more than 100 D A circuits
 ADVA
AGES Ú A D A
CÚMPU
ER:-


Æ *). D A computers are massively
parallel.

 ,( &. £ith only 1 LB of D A you

have more computing power than all the computers
ever made.

 % & &.
he only power needed is to keep D A

from denaturing.

  -Æ */  (*0)+ . A D A

computer can solve hardest of problems in a matter of
weeks
 LIMI
A
IÚ S

 D A is redundant.


he process required much human intervention.

 D A has a half-life.
à Solutions could dissolve away before the end result
is found.


he computation time required to solve problems with

a D A computer does not grow exponentially, but
amount of D A required DÚES.

 Suited for specific problems, difficult to generalize

 m %Æm ' '
 $
m
mÆ# 


A Gene analysis.

A Useful to Government to break secret codes

A
o Airlines to map efficient routes

A
o understand about human Brain ² the natural

Super Computer
 U
URE PÚSSIBILI
IES

a) Self-replication:
wo for one

b) Self-repair:

c) D A computer d) ew meaning of a
mutation/evolution computer virus ?
 U
URE

A uture is very bright to solving complex problem.

A If research gets successful, it will eliminate the
Silicon based Super Computers.
A More powerful dna computers are likely to be
introduced very soon.
 CÚ CLUSIÚ

 D A computers showing enormous potential,

especially for medical purposes as well as data
processing applications.

 Still a lot of work and resources required to

develop it into a fully fledged product.

A K YÚU !!!!