Applets

Applets
1
What is an applet?
 applet: a Java program that can be inserted into a web
page and run by loading that page in a browser
 brings web pages to life with interactive content, multimedia,
games, and more
 the feature of Java that is primarily responsible for its initial
popularity
 users can run applets simply by

visiting a web page that
contains an applet program
(if they have the Java runtime
environment installed on their
computer)
2
Applet classes in Java
 implementation
 a top-level container, like a JFrame
 behaves more like a JPanel
 class javax.swing.JApplet
java.lang.Object
 java.awt.Component
 java.awt.Container
 java.awt.Panel
 java.applet.Applet
 javax.swing.JApplet
3
Browser interaction
 applets are reliant on browser's Java Virtual Machine to
run
 problem: most web browsers (MS IE, Netscape, etc.)

only have Java v1.1.8 installed as their Java VM
 solution 1: only use Java classes/features that have

been around since v1.1.8 (blech!)
 solution 2: use Java Plug-in to give browser ability to
use newer Java features
4
Applet life cycle
 browser visits page containing an applet
 browser calls init on that applet, once
 browser calls start on that applet init()
 browser goes away from that page start()
 browser calls stop on that applet
do some work
 browser comes back to that page
 browser calls start again on that applet
... stop()
 browser shuts down
 browser calls destroy on the applet, once destroy()
5
javax.swing.JApplet
Differences between JApplet and JFrame:
 no main method needed; applet's init/start are run by browser
 no setVisible(true) call needed (done automatically)
 no setDefaultCloseOperation(...) needed
 in fact, calling this will crash the program,
because an applet isn't allowed to exit the browser when it closes
 no setSize(...) / pack() needed; size is determined by web

page
 no setTitle(String) needed; window title is set by web page
6
JApplet control methods
 public void init()
Called by the browser when it downloads your applet
for the first time (when you visit the applet's web page
for the first time).
 put code that would have been in GUI's constructor in init
instead
 public void start()

Called by browser every time the user's browser visits
the applet's web page
 put code that would have been in GUI's main method in start
instead
7
JApplet control methods 2
 public void stop()
Called by browser every time user leaves applet's web
page
 If the applet has any long-standing, CPU-draining processes,
put some code in stop to halt them.
 public void destroy()

Called by browser when it shuts down.
 not usually necessary to override this method
8
A very simple applet
 An applet can be treated like a drawing panel or a
container to hold other components.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends JApplet {

public void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
super.paintComponent(g);
g.drawString("Hello World!", 30, 30);
}
}
9
Applet inside a web page
 applet programs live inside web pages
 when the browser reaches the web page:
 all necessary class files are downloaded from server, loaded
onto JVM in web browser, and executed
10
HTML (web pages)
 Web pages are written in the HyperText Markup
Language (HTML)
 Web pages have two main sections:

 head: header information
(not shown on screen) <HTML>
 body: actual text of the web page
 HTML text is placed

into tags between <HEAD> <BODY>
< and >
<TITLE> (content)
11
Web page with an applet
 Put a page like this in your project's folder:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My Applet Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<APPLET code="mypackage/MyApplet.class"
width=400 height=300> </APPLET>
</BODY>
</HTML>
12
JApplet restrictions
 can't read or write any files on user's hard disk
 can't make network connections to computers other
than web server hosting applet
 can't execute other programs
 can't read much information about system on which it
is running
 any window popped up by applet will have a warning at
the bottom
13
Other JApplet methods
 public void showStatus(String str)
Places the given text into the browser's status bar.
 public URL getCodeBase()

Returns the URL of the folder where this applet's web
page resides on the web.
14
Loading images in applet
 public Image getImage(URL url)
Loads and returns the image file at the given URL.
 public Image getImage(URL folder, String file)

Loads the image in the given folder with the given
name. Often used with getCodeBase().
15
java.net.URL
 public URL(String site)
throws MalformedURLException
 public URL(URL folder, String file)
throws MalformedURLException
Constructs a new URL object to represent the given
string.
 public InputStream openStream()

Returns an input stream to read bytes from the given
URL address's corresponding file.
 Since applets cannot directly open files, read them with
InputStream file = new URL(filename).openStream();
16
Playing sounds from applet
 public AudioClip getAudioClip(URL url)
 public AudioClip getAudioClip(URL folder,
String file)
Loads an audio clip object from the given URL location.
 public void play(URL url)

 public void play(URL folder, String file)
Plays the sound file at the given URL location.
 public class AudioClip

 public void loop()
 public void play()
 public void stop()
17
Passing parameter to applet
 Parameters can be placed in the HTML code of your
web page, which your applet can read:
<APPLET code="mypackage/MyApplet.class"
width=400 height=300>
<PARAM name="password" value="Tacoma"> </PARAM>
</APPLET>
 Methods in the JApplet class:

 public String getParameter(String name)
Returns the value of the parameter with the given name.
String password = this.getParameter("password");
 public String[][] getParameterInfo()

Returns an array of all parameter names, descriptions, and
values.
18
JAR Files (Yousa likey!)
 JAR: Java ARchive. A group of Java classes and
supporting files combined into a single file compressed
with ZIP format, and given .JAR extension.
 Advantages of JAR files:

 compressed; quicker download
 just one file; less mess
 can be executable
 Disadvantages of JAR files:

 somewhat hard to get them working!
19
Creating a JAR archive
1. create the JAR archive
 DOS: jar -cvf filename.jar files
Example: jar -cvf MyAppletJar.jar *.class *.gif *.jpg
 some IDEs (JBuilder, Eclipse) can create JARs automatically

 Eclipse: File -> Export... -> JAR file
2. Modify your web page to use the JAR file using ARCHIVE attr.
<APPLET code="MyApplet.class" archive="MyAppletJar.jar"

width=300 height=400> </APPLET>
20
Other stuff about JARs
 Running a JAR from the command line:
java -jar filename.jar
 (or you can just double-click the .jar file in Windows Explorer)
 a JAR file can be opened in WinZIP or other archive program to

examine its contents
 Manifest file: Used to create an executable application JAR.

jar -cvfm MANIFEST MyAppletJar.jar
mypackage/*.class *.gif
Contents of MANIFEST file:

Main-Class: MyApplet
21
Resources inside a JAR
 If your program reads files that you've now embedded
inside your JAR archive, you must now explicitly load
those resources from the JAR using Java's "class
loader":
 before:
Scanner in = new Scanner(new File(PIECES_FILE_NAME));
 after:
InputStream stream =
this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(
PIECES_FILE_NAME);
Scanner in = new Scanner(stream);
22
JAR to EXE (JSmooth)
 JSmooth is a free program that
converts JARs into EXE files.
 http://jsmooth.sourceforge.net/
 If the machine does not have the Java
Runtime installed, your EXE will
display an error message to the user
and help them download Java.
 Using JSmooth:
 choose Skeleton -> Windowed Wrapper
 name your .exe under Executable -> Executable Binary
 browse to your .jar under Application -> Embedded JAR
 select the main class under Application -> Main class
 (optional) set minimum Java VM version to 1.5 in JVM Selection
23

Applets

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Applets

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Applets

 users can run applets simply by

 problem: most web browsers (MS IE, Netscape, etc.)

 solution 1: only use Java classes/features that have

 no main method needed; applet's init/start are run by browser

 no setVisible(true) call needed (done automatically)

 no setSize(...) / pack() needed; size is determined by web

 no setTitle(String) needed; window title is set by web page

 public void start()

 public void destroy()

public class HelloWorldApplet extends JApplet {

 Web pages have two main sections:

 HTML text is placed

 public URL getCodeBase()

 public Image getImage(URL folder, String file)

 public InputStream openStream()

InputStream file = new URL(filename).openStream();

 public void play(URL url)

 public class AudioClip

 Methods in the JApplet class:

String password = this.getParameter("password");

 public String[][] getParameterInfo()

 Advantages of JAR files:

 Disadvantages of JAR files:

 some IDEs (JBuilder, Eclipse) can create JARs automatically

<APPLET code="MyApplet.class" archive="MyAppletJar.jar"

 a JAR file can be opened in WinZIP or other archive program to

 Manifest file: Used to create an executable application JAR.

Contents of MANIFEST file:

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