BIOFUELS

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What are biofuels?


Fuels for transportation, energy production: biodiesel,
ethanol, syngas

Produced from crops and waste material, e.g:

Biodiesel: Oil palm, soya bean

Ethanol: Sugar, starch-rich crops

Syngas: Biomass, waste material

Potential replacement for fossil fuels

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 Lower increase in net CO2
Why do we choose biofuels?


Wide range of source materials

Easily renewable

Lower increase in net CO2

Economic security

Biodegradable

Job opportunities

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Biofuels production


Biochemical conversion process (ethanol):

Fermentation of sugar to ethanol

Thermochemical process (liquid fuel, syngas):

Pyrolysis - decomposition of biomass by heating,
absence of air

Gasification - conversion of biomass by heating +
limited oxygen

Chemical process (biodiesel)

Reaction of oils with methanol/ethanol and catalyst

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Types of Biofuels

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1st Generation of Biofuels

Made from sugary or starchy resources.

Eg: Corn (Europe) & Palm oil/Coconut (Asia)

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Types of Biofuels

Petroleum fuel Counterpart biofuel

Petroleum diesel fuels Biodiesel fuels

Gasoline Bioalcohol

Kerosene Biogas

Solid Biofuel
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Biodiesel
1 2 3

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Bioalcohol

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Biogas

1 2 3

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 Solid Biofuel
Dry
Wood

Firewood,
Charc
oal Cooking and
Industrial fuel.

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 Impacts of
Biofuels Usage

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Elixir of Energy

It seems like a perfect solution to energy crisis

Completely renewable .

GHG emissions reduction .

Energy Balance

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Impacts

₪ Contribute to higher food prices (INFLATION) resulting in

instability in many nations .

₪ Unintentional acceleration of deforestation .

₪ Compete for scarce water resources in some regions .

₪ Unrealized pollution of natural resources .

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1st Generation of Biofuels

At the end of the day , these fuel sources are competing with
our food sources .

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Deforestation

• Biofuel production needs a lot of agricultural land in addition

to the one already present for food production.
• This in turn drives the need for deforestation .
• “Are the benefits of biofuels in conflict with the results ?“

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H2O, Important Commodity

Water is at its peak demand in cities like New Delhi and Shanghai
.

When extra farming is done , water resources stretched at their

most, causing a severe shortage .

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Pollution of Natural Resources

Seep
Low High Growth Fertilizers
Into
Cost Production Enhancers Water
and Soil

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Limitations

• Longer grace period for it to enter mainstream.

• Companies are at a cross points .
• Governments are lacking attractive policies for customers and
companies .
• At the end of the day , cost per litre is the subject .

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2 Generation
nd

Biofuels

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 What is 2nd Gen. Biofuels?

Derived from Ligno-cellulosic feedstock

 Lignin
 Cellusose

BiOfuel 2
 Hemicellulose

1st generation
 Sugar cane
 Corn
 Sugar beet
 Wheat

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Sustainable

Non food part:

• Stem
• Leaves
Miscanthus • Husks
Woodchips
Non-food Crop:
• Switchgrass
Fruits • Jatropha
Jatropha
• Miscanthus

Industrial waste
• Woodchips
• Skins
• Pulp LOGO
Other Advantages

• More Greenhouse Gas emission savings

• Use less land, including poor/marginal lands
• Yield better energy, require less energy input.
• Good potential for cost-reduction

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Two Conversion Methods

1. Biochemical route -
Enzyme/Micro-
organism

Cellulose/He
mi-cellulose

Sugar

Biofuel e.g
Ethanol

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 Two Conversion Methods

2. Thermo-chemical Route

CO
H2
CO
H2
O2
H2 less/
abse
nce
H2
CO
CO

Waste wood
Long-chain
Pyrolysis/Gasification/ CO + H2 Hydrocarbon

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Will the future be biofuel 2?

Unless we fix these problems:

• Technical Barriers
Thermochemical Route
Gasification at commercial scale
Biochemical process
High-cost enzymes and pre-treatment

• Economic Barriers
High cost per unit production
Commercial scale demonstration needed

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 Biofuels
Countries

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Global Biofuel Production

About 90% of global biofuel production is concentrated in U.S.,

Brazil and Europe, 2007

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United States of America

 World’s largest producer

 Produce mainly ethanol
 Corn as main feedstock
 mainly used mixed with fossil
fuels
 Biofuels industry benefits rural
communities

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Brazil

 Biggest ethanol exporter

 The most successful
biofuel country
 Sugarcane as feedstock
 Efficient agricultural
technology

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International Organization

 International Energy Agency (IEA)

 International Biofuel Forum

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Biofuels in
Malaysia

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National Biofuels Policy

Medium
term

e nt
m Fo
i ron re
v xp
en ort
ner
a
Cle
NATIONAL
For

gies
BIOFUELS
tra

nolo
POLICY
nspo

Tech
rt

Long Short
term For industry term

Implementation

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Source: Abdullah et al. (2009, 5444)
Market Situation

Potential consumption

MAA Forecast of Vehicles Sales Growth 2010-2014

4%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
0%
2009 2010* 2011* 2012* 2013* 2014*

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Source: MAA *forecast
Market Situation

Bioethanol production

Lignocellulosic agriculture waste

●
Mainly from palm oil waste

Still in evaluation process

●
Still new

Solution strategies

●
Refer to Brazil’s method
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Market Situation

Biodiesel production

Operation Statistic of Biodiesel Plant

2 million tonnes/year
100
90
80
70 1.7million tonnes /year
Non-operated
60 71
Operated
50
40 38
30
20 20
14
10
0
2007 2009
Source: MPOB
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Challenges

Lack of policy direction

Food vs. fuel

Exportation limitation

●
EU’s Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
●
GHG saving value

Price
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●
BIOFUELS

THE END
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References list
 Abdullah, A.Z., B. Salamatinia, H. Mootabadi and S. Bhatia. 2009. Current status and policies on biodiesel industry in Malaysia as the
world’s leading producer of palm oil. Energy Policy 37: 5440-8. ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au (accessed March 17, 2011)

 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels n.d.

http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels (accessed March 18, 2011)

 Biofuels. 2009. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/biofuels.html (accessed March 17, 2011)

 Chun S.G., T.T. Kok, T.L. Keat, S. Bhatia. 2010. Bio-ethanol from lignocellulose: Status, perspectives and challenges in Malaysia.
Bioresources Technology 101: 4834-41. ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au (accessed March 17,
2011)

 Environmentally friendly and made in the USA. 2004. http://www.edmunds.com/fuel-economy/exploring-biodiesel.html (accessed

March 20, 2011).

 National Renewable energy Laboratory 2006. From Biomass to Biofuels. www.nrel.gov/biomass/pdfs/39436.pdf (accessed March
20, 2011)

 Rubens C. 2008. Primer: what you need to know about Brazilian biofuel. http://gigaom.com/cleantech/primer-brazilian-biofuels/
(accessed March 20, 2011).

 Rutherford, M. 2009. Biofuels Vs. Fossil Fuels. http://www.biofuelswatch.com/why-are-biofuels-better-than-fossil-fuels/ (accessed

March 18, 2011)

 Ralph Sims, Michael Taylor, Jack Saddler, Warren Mabee. 2008. From 1st to 2nd generation Biofuel Technologies: An overview of current
industry and RD&D activities. International Energy Agency. www.iea.org (Accessed March 17, 2011)

 USDA Foreign Agriculture Service. 2010. Malaysia Biofuels Annual Report 2010. Kuala Lumpur. UFAS

 What are biofuels? n.d. http://www.napier.ac.uk/randkt/rktcentres/bfrc/Pages/Whatarebiofuels.aspx (accessed March 17, 2011)

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