Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Unit
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
Frederic H. Martini
• Atoms:
– are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules:
– are a group of atoms working together
• Organelles:
– are a group of molecules working together
From Simple to Complex (2 of 3)
• Cells:
– are a group of organelles working together
• Tissues:
– are a group of similar cells working
together
• Organs:
– are a group of different tissues working
together
From Simple to Complex (3 of 2)
• Organ systems:
– are a group of organs working together
• Organism:
– is an individual
Organizing a Muscle
• Autoregulation (intrinsic):
– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or
organ
• Extrinsic regulation:
– responses controlled by nervous and
endocrine systems
Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 1–3
Maintaining Normal Limits
• Receptor:
– receives the stimulus
• Control center:
– processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector:
– carries out instructions
Negative Feedback
Figure 1–4
Positive Feedback
Figure 1–5
Working Together
Table 1–1
Working Together
• Systems integration:
– systems work together to maintain
homeostasis
KEY CONCEPT
Figure 1–6
Anatomical Landmarks
• Superficial characteristics:
– surface parts:
• names
• adjectives
KEY CONCEPT
• Anatomical position:
– hands at sides, palms forward
• Supine:
– lying down, face up
• Prone:
– lying down, face down
Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3)
Figure 1–7a
Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3)
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7b
Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3)
Figure 1–7c
Which Direction?
Figure 1–8
Which Direction?
• Lateral:
– side view
• Frontal:
– front view
• Anatomical direction:
– refers to the patient’s left or right
3 Dimensions
Figure 1–9
3 Dimensions
• Plane:
– a 3-dimensional axis
• Section:
– a slice parallel to a plane
What are the major body
cavities and their subdivisions?
The Ventral Body Cavity
• divided by the
diaphragm into
the thoracic
cavity and the
abdominopelvic
cavity
Figure 1–10a
Isolating the Organs
• Serous membranes:
– consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Figure 1–10b
Dividing the Cavities
• Thoracic cavity:
– divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural
cavities
Figure 1–10c